Psychological Perspectives And Related Research Studies

An outline and evaluation of three psychological perspectives and related research studies Introduction The behaviourist approach transformed psychology in 1913 when John Watson put forward the theory that psychology should be about the study of observable behaviour ignoring all mental processes such as thoughts and emotions (Malim 1998). He viewed introspection as not being a reliable and objective method for psychological study and believed the aim of psychology should be to understand and control behaviour (ibid). He proposed that psychology should be seen as a science using controlled variables within experimentation (McLeod 2007a). This scientific approach made for a dependable method of assessing behaviour, however, critics of this approach argued that this method created artificial situations holding little ecological validity (ibid). Behaviourists also believe we are all born a blank slate and that all behaviour is determined from learning from a person’s own environmental experiences either through classical conditioning, associating an external stimulus and a behaviour al response, or through operant conditioning, association via consequences where behaviour is shaped through reward or punishment (Malim 1998). However this belief doesn’t take into account a person’s spontaneity, creativity or their ability to solve problems without the time consuming trial and error process that behaviourists believe is necessary (ibid). Furthermore it fails to take intoShow MoreRelatedLow Socioeconomic Status Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s psychological well-being is well established. Prior studies show that low-SES not only impacts individuals’ mental well-being, but also affects their children’s developmental trajectories. 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Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychologyRead MoreResearch With Foster Children : Ethical Dilemmas1135 Words   |  5 PagesResearch with foster children Ethical dilemmas are one of the many sensitive issues that come with doing psychological research with human participants. As seen in several famous psychology studies such as the Stanford prison experiment, Milgram experiment, and Tuskegee experiment, ethics in psychological studies are important to protect both the individuals being subjected to research and the researcher. 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Important milestones within psychology’s early development was when the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany by a man named Wilhelm Wundt. Soon after, psychology was organized into different categories of structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. Although, the first two schools were only about structuralism and functionalism

Analysis Of The Book Zits - 831 Words

Have you ever wished to go back in time? Do you want to see what happened in the past with your own eyes? Zits, a 15 year old boy, who is half Indian and half Irish, actually went back in time and experienced many small parts of the past. Zits has been in many foster homes after his mom died of cancer. Zits would always get in trouble. He would run away from his foster parents and get caught by the police. He’s been in jail many times. That’s where Zits met Justice. Zits and Justice seems to get along well together. Zits feels like Justice understands him. Justice was also the one who helped Zits escape prison. They would practice shooting people on the roof of a warehouse and go to alleys to shoot people with paint guns. â€Å"I practice killing people until it feels like I’m really killing them†(33). This is what Zits say before he went to a bank with a real pistol and a paint gun and started shooting at the people at the bank until bank gaurd shoots at him in the back of his head. When he wakes up he finds himself in a small, cheap, and filthy motel room. Zits also finds himself in a different body and with a cop. He finds out that he is in Hank Storm’s body. He is an FBI agent and he is with Hank’s long time friend Art which is also an FBI agent too. Not only did he find out that he is in a different body but also in a different time. It is 1975 and Art is taking him to a reservation. There they met with 2 Indians guys named Horse and Elk which are famous people in theShow MoreRelatedCareers and Organization28406 Words   |  114 PagesAlthough case studies rely on additional data (e.g. observations, surveys, reports), no supplementary sources of information were available to amplify this case study. The interviews are therefore the only source of information to collect data. Data analysis The two interviews have been transcribed, see also the appendix. The data has been analyzed by going back and forth between the transcripts and the literary findings. In addition, three steps have been used to analyze the data. The first stepRead More The Influence of Popular Culture on Societys Self-Perception2846 Words   |  12 Pagesmold their beliefs and actions into those that reinforce female subordination through the traditional standards of a patriarchal society. For the purpose of analysis, I will focus on three publications for women, each with a slightly different audience according to the age and class brackets targeted and the subjects offered. In her analysis of one of Britain’s women’s magazines called Jackie, McRobbie identifies four codes that form the content of these publications: those of fashion and beautyRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Ghana20927 Words   |  84 PagesMergers 35 Quantitative Factors Affecting Merger Terms 35 Merger Waves 37 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 41 Introduction 41 Background of the Companies 41 Study Design 51 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISSCUSSION 54 Introduction 54 Data Analysis 56 Discussion of Results 59 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS 69 Summary 69 Conclusions 70 Recommendations 72 REFERENCES 74 APPENDIXES 78 viii

Music Improvisation Deal with Mood Swings

Question: Describe about the Music Improvisation for Deal with Mood Swings. Answer: Introduction There are several kinds of music genres are existing to most of the music lovers. Research, over many years, has portrayed a fact that music is a very strong medium and it can also influence several human activities as well as behaviors (Bunt Stige 2014, p.12). Music has a strength at the social group level as it can facilitate communication that goes beyond words, supports the development if group identity as well as induces shared emotional reactions (Chandra Sharma 2013, p.20). Thus, this research is mainly aimed to identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. Therefore, this proposal outlines as well as depicts the basic methodologies those are necessary for conducting the entire research to accomplish the objectives of this research. Moreover, this research would shed light on the emotions in music as well as the emotions those are expressed with the help of music in music therapy. Research Aim The major aim of this research is to identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. Moreover, this research is aimed to identify the role of the music improvisation in order to help people while dealing with the problem of mood swing. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as follows: To identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. To identify the role of the music improvisation in order to help people while dealing with the problem of mood swing To the approaches with the help of which the problems like depression and mood swing can be resolved by the music improvisation. Methodology Data Collection In order to accomplish or conduct a particular research, it is very important to select an appropriate data collection technique. Data collection is a very effective process through which information can be measured and gathered on the variables of interest. It can also be done in a systematic manner that can enable one for answering the stated research questions and evaluating the results. There are two kinds of data, which are generally collected in a particular research such as primary as well as secondary data (Brown Stowers, 2013, p.144). Therefore, there are two significant methods of data collection based on the categorization of collected data such as primary data collection and secondary data collection method. The primary data collection method deals with the process of collecting data for a particular research through the descriptive research or the surveys. On the other hand, in case of the secondary data collection method, secondary data are gathered from several articl es, journals, books and websites as well in order to execute a particular research. Hence, in case of this research, primary data collection method would be preferred, as this technique would be utilized based on the live evidences. Therefore, a survey can be conducted among few people who generally listen music and can generally provide a response regards to the topic of this research (Chandra Sharma 2013, p.20). Therefore, the implementation of the primary data collection method in this research can ensure the relevance of the data sources. Therefore, an authentic as well as an effective research would be conducted. Ethical Consideration Research should have the permission of the participants of the survey Subjectivity or objectivity of the research should be considered. Fair consideration should be the ultimate concern of this research (Novikov Novikov 2013, p.25). Information reliability must be ensured for the participants. Time schedule (GANTT chart) Main activities 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th+5th week 6th week 7th week Topic Selection Literature review Methodology Primary Data Collection Data Analysis Results conclusion Final work submission Literature Review Depression and Mood Swing Depression is an influencing state that can be dominated by the sad mood. It generally affects both the expression as well as recognition of emotions. On the other hand, Mood swing is the rapid as well as extreme change in mood, which can play a crucial part in order to promote problem solving as well as in making flexible forward planning (Bunt Hoskyns 2013, p.27). Mood can play an important role in the lifestyles of people. When an individual is happy, then he or she starts concentrating on the positive as well as good things by ignoring all bad things or circumstances taking place around them. On the other side, while people are sad, then they are unable to think of any positive thing. Therefore, if the mood swing of someone is too strong to be disruptive then he or she may be the major part of a bipolar disorder. Music and Emotions Music can play a significant role as the potential mood introducer in humans life. It can also be stated that music is such an area of life that is very familiar to most of the people. Therefore, as opined by MacDonald, Wilson Miell (2012, p.250), people generally make the judgments in their everyday lives regarding music that they hear as well as are aware of their influencing responses towards music that people generally listen to. According to the viewpoint of Gutgsell et al. (2013, p.830), as stimuli, music is safe, easy as well as economical for using. Music is very powerful at individual level as it has the capability of inducing several responses such as, behavioral, mood, cognitive, emotional and physiological responses. Music has the potential therapeutic effects that can be accomplished through active music making or listening. According to Loewy et al. (2013, p.910), music is the reason of promoting relaxation, alleviating pain and anxiety, promoting proper behavior in vu lnerable groups and enhancing the life quality of the people who are beyond the medical help. Music Improvisation in dealing with mood swing Music can act as the medicine for a listener if he or she is suffering from the problem of mood swing. On the other side, not only the listener but a singer or a musician or an individual who loves to sing or play music can also get rid of the problem of his or her rapid mood swing (McDermott et al. 2013, p.788). All the components of music such as form, expression, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, chords, texture, timbre as well as lyrics can effectively create a positive psychological effect on human psychology. In other sense, it can also be a therapy or an interpersonal process with the help of which individuals can improvise or maintain their health by overcoming their problems of rapid swing (Thaut Hoemberg 2014, p.30). Music always plays an effective role in order to motivate the music lovers in lives so that they can be able to overcome all the negative situations. Individuals can externally express their emotions by making musical structures and sounds. Conclusion After implementing the entire proposal, it can easily be stated that this research would be effectively able to depict the influence of the music improvisation in regards to deal with the mood swings of all people. This research would simply be capable of implementing the psychological aspects of the music improvisation for those who take the help of music to overcome the negative vibes of mood swings. References Brown, J. Stowers, E. (2013). Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey.Collection Management, 38(2), pp.143-162. Bunt, L. Hoskyns, S., (2013).The handbook of music therapy. Routledge. Bunt, L. Stige, B., (2014).Music therapy: An art beyond words. Routledge. Chandra, S. Sharma, M. (2013). Research methodology. Oxford: Alpha Science International Ltd. Gutgsell, K.J., Schluchter, M., Margevicius, S., DeGolia, P.A., McLaughlin, B., Harris, M., Mecklenburg, J. Wiencek, C., (2013). Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management,45(5), pp.822-831. Loewy, J., Stewart, K., Dassler, A.M., Telsey, A. Homel, P., (2013). The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants.Pediatrics,131(5), pp.902-918. MacDonald, R., Wilson, G. Miell, D., (2012). Improvisation as a creative process within contemporary music.Musical Imaginations: Multidisciplinary perspectives on creativity, performance and perception, pp.242-255. McDermott, O., Crellin, N., Ridder, H.M. Orrell, M., (2013). Music therapy in dementia: a narrative synthesis systematic review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,28(8), pp.781-794. Novikov, A. Novikov, D. (2013). Research methodology. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema. Thaut, M.H. Hoemberg, V. eds., (2014).Handbook of neurologic music therapy. Oxford University Press (UK).

Macbeth Hero Essays - Characters In Macbeth, English-language Films

Macbeth Hero The character of Macbeth is a example of a tragic hero. There are many factors which contribute to the deterioration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeth's deterioration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeth's judgment, and finally Macbeth's long time ambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeth's growing character deterioates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which were told by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to the deterioration of his character. If it had not been for the witches telling him that he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and King of Scotland, Macbeth would still be his ordinary self. As a result of the prophecies, this aroused Macbeth's curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland. As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. The influence of Macbeth's wife, Lady Macbeth also contributed to his deterioration of character. Lady Macbeth's character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that Lady Macbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. This proves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeth's character. Macbeth's first murder was a trying experience for him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore, it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeth's ambition also influenced his declining character. However, Macbeth's ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeth's influence also comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of King of Scotland no matter what it took, even if it meant murdering. Macbeth's ambition influenced the cause of his new character. This new character of Macbeth contained greed, violence, and power hunger. Macbeth shows this when he kills King Duncan. In conclusion, the prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeth's influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributed greatly to his deterioration of character which resulted to his downfall...death. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example.

Russia Under Joseph Stalin essays

Russia Under Joseph Stalin essays From the late 1920's, Russian society entered nearly a decade of darkness, in which the government and the people were commanded by paranoia, fear, and terror. Under the newly introduced leader Joseph Stalin, soviet life was subject to greater control and manipulation as Stalin focused upon gaining control over the economic, social and political workings of the nation. Since coming to power, Stalin had always ruled with a heavy and often cruel hand. His introduction and enforcement of the five year plans led to the deaths of millions and cruel measures such as the transformation of prisons into labour camps and prisoners into slaves astounded many. However, cruel, and heavy-handed rule cannot be classified as totalitarianism. Stalin was supremely influential but he was not yet law. Russia's gradual slide into totalitarianism began when Russian culture began to change from emphasizing the proletariat and the peasants in the 1920's to 'the cult of personality' of the 30's. Under this change, Stalin became the keystone of the entire social, political and economic revolution in Russia. Whilst already having almost complete control of economic activities under the 5 yr plans, Stalin began to take a firm grasp of Russian culture. Such examples of this included Newspapers carrying less 'real' information, instead becoming a tool of propaganda for the government, few scientists were to present theories until granted Stalin's approval and art was harnessed by Stalin to solely project images of an ideal life under Stalin. Thus the arts became servants of the state. By the end of the 1930's all forms of art and popular culture were being manipulated to highlight the personal qualities of Stalin and praise his every action. As all independent sources of media had been removed, the peoples of Russia had little choice but to accept what the government told them as true. A major characteristic of totalitarianism rule is that no opposition i...

Chemtrails Versus Contrails

Chemtrails Versus Contrails Do you know the difference between a chemtrail and a contrail? A contrail is an abbreviation for condensation trail, which is a visible white vapor trail produced as water vapor condenses from aircraft engine exhaust. Contrails consist of water vapor or tiny ice crystals. The length of time they persist varies from several seconds to a few hours, depending largely on the temperature and humidity. Chemtrails, on the other hand, are chemical trails purportedly resulting from an intentional high-altitude release of chemical or biological agents. While you might think chemtrails would include crop dusting, cloud seeding and chemical drops for firefighting, the term is only applied to illicit activities as part of a conspiracy theory. Proponents of the chemtrail theory believe chemtrails may be distinguished from contrails by color, displaying a criss-cross trail pattern and persistent appearance. The purpose of chemtrails might be weather control, solar radiation control, or testing of various agents on people, flora or fauna. Atmospheric experts and government agencies say there is no basis for the chemtrail conspiracy theory. Key Takeaways: Contrails vs Chemtrails Contrails are condensation trails left in the sky when the water in aircraft engine exhaust condenses to form artificial clouds.Contrails may last a matter or seconds or persist several hours. Contrails dissipate more slowly when a lot of water vapor is present in the atmosphere. Lower temperatures also aid contrail persistence.Chemtrails refer to a conspiracy theory. The theory stems from a belief in intentional high-altitude releases of chemicals or biological agents.Supposedly, chemtrails are indicated by contrails that persist, occur in a criss-cross pattern, or display colors besides white.Scientists and government agencies have found no evidence supporting the existence of chemtrails. It is true agents are released into the atmosphere from time to time for cloud seeding and experiments on controlling solar radiation. Are Contrails Harmful? Even if its assumed contrails serve no nefarious purpose, its worth asking whether they impact the environment and whether they are potentially harmful. To answer this question, its useful to understand how contrails form. An aircraft with a jet engine burns fuel and releases an exhaust plume into the atmosphere. The composition of the fuel is tightly regulated to minimize impurities, but may contain a small fraction of nitrogen or sulfur. Combustion releases carbon dioxide and water, two important greenhouse gases. Sulfur particles provide nuclei on which water vapor may condense into droplets. The collection of droplets appears as a contrail. Basically, a contrail is an artificial cloud. Criss-crossing contails occur in high traffic areas. Researchers know the clouds produced by aircraft have an impact on air temperature and may impact rainfall and weather patterns. Basically, contrails have the potential to affect global climate change. However, the nature and extent of the change is uncertain. Contrail cover is expected to change over time as aircraft technology, the number of aircraft, and humidity conditions evolve. Persistent contrail cloud cover is expected to increase, at least until 2050 (the end date of the forecast). Aircraft emissions are regulated because they have the potential to contribute to ozone formation and smog. Jet engines emit nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, carbon black, and hydrocarbons (as well aforementioned carbon dioxide, water, and sulfur). However, contrails are not believed to have any immediate effect on public health. Small aircraft do use leaded fuel and release lead into the atmosphere (but dont produce visible trails). Modern Chemtrails If the concept of chemtrails is expanded to include the intentional release of chemicals into the atmosphere (not for some evil purpose), then such projects do exist. Weather modification in the form of cloud seeding is used in parts of the world, including China and Southeast Asia. Some of the chemicals used in the process (typically silver iodide, potassium iodide, table salt, liquid propane, or dry ice) can affect human health and damage the environment. Solar radiation management is an area of ongoing study intended to reflect sunlight and reduce global warming. Some proposed methods include the release of sulfate aerosols and other chemicals into the air. While toxicity is not a primary concern, altering the weather patterns will definitely have environmental effects. Sources Cama, Timothy (March 13, 2015). EPA confronts chemtrails conspiracy talk. The Hill.Johnson, M. Kim (December 1999). Chemtrails Analysis. NMSR Reports, 5(12).Radford, Benjamin (2009). Curious Contrails: Death From the Sky? Skeptical Inquirer.Smith, Oliver (July 4, 2017). Incredible contrail made by Boeing 787 - what causes them, and are they part of a global conspiracy? The Telegraph.US Environmental Protection Agency (September 2000). Aircraft Contrails Factsheet.

Toy's role in a child's life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toy's role in a child's life - Essay Example For instance, Barthes points out that toys are usually perceived basically a â€Å"microcosm of the adult world† (Callus & Herbrechter 150). Therefore, toys can be seen as reduced replicas of the humanly objects, an aspect that is used by the elders to belittle the children. Toys are therefore usually used to create a relatively small world that matches the sizes of the children thus enabling the children to be prepared for adulthood. However, in doing so, adults underestimate the power of creativity and imaginative capabilities possessed by children. Barthes has used the French toys to accurately epitomize the expected functions of the adult individuals in the world. By doing so, children are obviously prepared to accept the expected functions without any insightful thought thus enabling the â€Å"adult world† to be thrust upon the children as they grow up. The children are therefore hallowed to accept the societal acts in the environment without any curiosity. For instance, Barthes argues that the alibi of a nature is frequently used to create â€Å"soldiers, postman and Vespa’s† (Berger 33). This clearly shows that toys have been used to reveal the various things that are existent in the adult world. The toys therefore enables and conditions the children to grow into a world of adulthood through the assimilation of different duties in the world. For instance, toys such as soldiers and combative gadgets that are mostly used by boys help them to assume a more protective role in future whereas replicas of dol ls and kitchen gadgets which are mostly used by girls expresses their future roles as house wives. Equally important, Barthes labels the contemporary toys as faithful, truthful and complicated items. This is due to the fact that the present day children only use the toys as an owner and not as a creator. This implies that currently, children only purchase and own toys without really taking part in the toy’s creation process. Their interest is always