Psychological Perspectives And Related Research Studies

An outline and evaluation of three psychological perspectives and related research studies Introduction The behaviourist approach transformed psychology in 1913 when John Watson put forward the theory that psychology should be about the study of observable behaviour ignoring all mental processes such as thoughts and emotions (Malim 1998). He viewed introspection as not being a reliable and objective method for psychological study and believed the aim of psychology should be to understand and control behaviour (ibid). He proposed that psychology should be seen as a science using controlled variables within experimentation (McLeod 2007a). This scientific approach made for a dependable method of assessing behaviour, however, critics of this approach argued that this method created artificial situations holding little ecological validity (ibid). Behaviourists also believe we are all born a blank slate and that all behaviour is determined from learning from a person’s own environmental experiences either through classical conditioning, associating an external stimulus and a behaviour al response, or through operant conditioning, association via consequences where behaviour is shaped through reward or punishment (Malim 1998). However this belief doesn’t take into account a person’s spontaneity, creativity or their ability to solve problems without the time consuming trial and error process that behaviourists believe is necessary (ibid). Furthermore it fails to take intoShow MoreRelatedLow Socioeconomic Status Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s psychological well-being is well established. Prior studies show that low-SES not only impacts individuals’ mental well-being, but also affects their children’s developmental trajectories. 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Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychologyRead MoreResearch With Foster Children : Ethical Dilemmas1135 Words   |  5 PagesResearch with foster children Ethical dilemmas are one of the many sensitive issues that come with doing psychological research with human participants. As seen in several famous psychology studies such as the Stanford prison experiment, Milgram experiment, and Tuskegee experiment, ethics in psychological studies are important to protect both the individuals being subjected to research and the researcher. 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Important milestones within psychology’s early development was when the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany by a man named Wilhelm Wundt. Soon after, psychology was organized into different categories of structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. Although, the first two schools were only about structuralism and functionalism

Analysis Of The Book Zits - 831 Words

Have you ever wished to go back in time? Do you want to see what happened in the past with your own eyes? Zits, a 15 year old boy, who is half Indian and half Irish, actually went back in time and experienced many small parts of the past. Zits has been in many foster homes after his mom died of cancer. Zits would always get in trouble. He would run away from his foster parents and get caught by the police. He’s been in jail many times. That’s where Zits met Justice. Zits and Justice seems to get along well together. Zits feels like Justice understands him. Justice was also the one who helped Zits escape prison. They would practice shooting people on the roof of a warehouse and go to alleys to shoot people with paint guns. â€Å"I practice killing people until it feels like I’m really killing them†(33). This is what Zits say before he went to a bank with a real pistol and a paint gun and started shooting at the people at the bank until bank gaurd shoots at him in the back of his head. When he wakes up he finds himself in a small, cheap, and filthy motel room. Zits also finds himself in a different body and with a cop. He finds out that he is in Hank Storm’s body. He is an FBI agent and he is with Hank’s long time friend Art which is also an FBI agent too. Not only did he find out that he is in a different body but also in a different time. It is 1975 and Art is taking him to a reservation. There they met with 2 Indians guys named Horse and Elk which are famous people in theShow MoreRelatedCareers and Organization28406 Words   |  114 PagesAlthough case studies rely on additional data (e.g. observations, surveys, reports), no supplementary sources of information were available to amplify this case study. The interviews are therefore the only source of information to collect data. Data analysis The two interviews have been transcribed, see also the appendix. The data has been analyzed by going back and forth between the transcripts and the literary findings. In addition, three steps have been used to analyze the data. The first stepRead More The Influence of Popular Culture on Societys Self-Perception2846 Words   |  12 Pagesmold their beliefs and actions into those that reinforce female subordination through the traditional standards of a patriarchal society. For the purpose of analysis, I will focus on three publications for women, each with a slightly different audience according to the age and class brackets targeted and the subjects offered. In her analysis of one of Britain’s women’s magazines called Jackie, McRobbie identifies four codes that form the content of these publications: those of fashion and beautyRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Ghana20927 Words   |  84 PagesMergers 35 Quantitative Factors Affecting Merger Terms 35 Merger Waves 37 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 41 Introduction 41 Background of the Companies 41 Study Design 51 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISSCUSSION 54 Introduction 54 Data Analysis 56 Discussion of Results 59 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS 69 Summary 69 Conclusions 70 Recommendations 72 REFERENCES 74 APPENDIXES 78 viii

Music Improvisation Deal with Mood Swings

Question: Describe about the Music Improvisation for Deal with Mood Swings. Answer: Introduction There are several kinds of music genres are existing to most of the music lovers. Research, over many years, has portrayed a fact that music is a very strong medium and it can also influence several human activities as well as behaviors (Bunt Stige 2014, p.12). Music has a strength at the social group level as it can facilitate communication that goes beyond words, supports the development if group identity as well as induces shared emotional reactions (Chandra Sharma 2013, p.20). Thus, this research is mainly aimed to identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. Therefore, this proposal outlines as well as depicts the basic methodologies those are necessary for conducting the entire research to accomplish the objectives of this research. Moreover, this research would shed light on the emotions in music as well as the emotions those are expressed with the help of music in music therapy. Research Aim The major aim of this research is to identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. Moreover, this research is aimed to identify the role of the music improvisation in order to help people while dealing with the problem of mood swing. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as follows: To identify as well as explore the way through which music can greatly influence the health as well as mental conditions of an individual. To identify the role of the music improvisation in order to help people while dealing with the problem of mood swing To the approaches with the help of which the problems like depression and mood swing can be resolved by the music improvisation. Methodology Data Collection In order to accomplish or conduct a particular research, it is very important to select an appropriate data collection technique. Data collection is a very effective process through which information can be measured and gathered on the variables of interest. It can also be done in a systematic manner that can enable one for answering the stated research questions and evaluating the results. There are two kinds of data, which are generally collected in a particular research such as primary as well as secondary data (Brown Stowers, 2013, p.144). Therefore, there are two significant methods of data collection based on the categorization of collected data such as primary data collection and secondary data collection method. The primary data collection method deals with the process of collecting data for a particular research through the descriptive research or the surveys. On the other hand, in case of the secondary data collection method, secondary data are gathered from several articl es, journals, books and websites as well in order to execute a particular research. Hence, in case of this research, primary data collection method would be preferred, as this technique would be utilized based on the live evidences. Therefore, a survey can be conducted among few people who generally listen music and can generally provide a response regards to the topic of this research (Chandra Sharma 2013, p.20). Therefore, the implementation of the primary data collection method in this research can ensure the relevance of the data sources. Therefore, an authentic as well as an effective research would be conducted. Ethical Consideration Research should have the permission of the participants of the survey Subjectivity or objectivity of the research should be considered. Fair consideration should be the ultimate concern of this research (Novikov Novikov 2013, p.25). Information reliability must be ensured for the participants. Time schedule (GANTT chart) Main activities 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th+5th week 6th week 7th week Topic Selection Literature review Methodology Primary Data Collection Data Analysis Results conclusion Final work submission Literature Review Depression and Mood Swing Depression is an influencing state that can be dominated by the sad mood. It generally affects both the expression as well as recognition of emotions. On the other hand, Mood swing is the rapid as well as extreme change in mood, which can play a crucial part in order to promote problem solving as well as in making flexible forward planning (Bunt Hoskyns 2013, p.27). Mood can play an important role in the lifestyles of people. When an individual is happy, then he or she starts concentrating on the positive as well as good things by ignoring all bad things or circumstances taking place around them. On the other side, while people are sad, then they are unable to think of any positive thing. Therefore, if the mood swing of someone is too strong to be disruptive then he or she may be the major part of a bipolar disorder. Music and Emotions Music can play a significant role as the potential mood introducer in humans life. It can also be stated that music is such an area of life that is very familiar to most of the people. Therefore, as opined by MacDonald, Wilson Miell (2012, p.250), people generally make the judgments in their everyday lives regarding music that they hear as well as are aware of their influencing responses towards music that people generally listen to. According to the viewpoint of Gutgsell et al. (2013, p.830), as stimuli, music is safe, easy as well as economical for using. Music is very powerful at individual level as it has the capability of inducing several responses such as, behavioral, mood, cognitive, emotional and physiological responses. Music has the potential therapeutic effects that can be accomplished through active music making or listening. According to Loewy et al. (2013, p.910), music is the reason of promoting relaxation, alleviating pain and anxiety, promoting proper behavior in vu lnerable groups and enhancing the life quality of the people who are beyond the medical help. Music Improvisation in dealing with mood swing Music can act as the medicine for a listener if he or she is suffering from the problem of mood swing. On the other side, not only the listener but a singer or a musician or an individual who loves to sing or play music can also get rid of the problem of his or her rapid mood swing (McDermott et al. 2013, p.788). All the components of music such as form, expression, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, chords, texture, timbre as well as lyrics can effectively create a positive psychological effect on human psychology. In other sense, it can also be a therapy or an interpersonal process with the help of which individuals can improvise or maintain their health by overcoming their problems of rapid swing (Thaut Hoemberg 2014, p.30). Music always plays an effective role in order to motivate the music lovers in lives so that they can be able to overcome all the negative situations. Individuals can externally express their emotions by making musical structures and sounds. Conclusion After implementing the entire proposal, it can easily be stated that this research would be effectively able to depict the influence of the music improvisation in regards to deal with the mood swings of all people. This research would simply be capable of implementing the psychological aspects of the music improvisation for those who take the help of music to overcome the negative vibes of mood swings. References Brown, J. Stowers, E. (2013). Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey.Collection Management, 38(2), pp.143-162. Bunt, L. Hoskyns, S., (2013).The handbook of music therapy. Routledge. Bunt, L. Stige, B., (2014).Music therapy: An art beyond words. Routledge. Chandra, S. Sharma, M. (2013). Research methodology. Oxford: Alpha Science International Ltd. Gutgsell, K.J., Schluchter, M., Margevicius, S., DeGolia, P.A., McLaughlin, B., Harris, M., Mecklenburg, J. Wiencek, C., (2013). Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management,45(5), pp.822-831. Loewy, J., Stewart, K., Dassler, A.M., Telsey, A. Homel, P., (2013). The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants.Pediatrics,131(5), pp.902-918. MacDonald, R., Wilson, G. Miell, D., (2012). Improvisation as a creative process within contemporary music.Musical Imaginations: Multidisciplinary perspectives on creativity, performance and perception, pp.242-255. McDermott, O., Crellin, N., Ridder, H.M. Orrell, M., (2013). Music therapy in dementia: a narrative synthesis systematic review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,28(8), pp.781-794. Novikov, A. Novikov, D. (2013). Research methodology. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema. Thaut, M.H. Hoemberg, V. eds., (2014).Handbook of neurologic music therapy. Oxford University Press (UK).

Macbeth Hero Essays - Characters In Macbeth, English-language Films

Macbeth Hero The character of Macbeth is a example of a tragic hero. There are many factors which contribute to the deterioration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeth's deterioration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeth's judgment, and finally Macbeth's long time ambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeth's growing character deterioates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which were told by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to the deterioration of his character. If it had not been for the witches telling him that he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and King of Scotland, Macbeth would still be his ordinary self. As a result of the prophecies, this aroused Macbeth's curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland. As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. The influence of Macbeth's wife, Lady Macbeth also contributed to his deterioration of character. Lady Macbeth's character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that Lady Macbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. This proves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeth's character. Macbeth's first murder was a trying experience for him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore, it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeth's ambition also influenced his declining character. However, Macbeth's ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeth's influence also comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of King of Scotland no matter what it took, even if it meant murdering. Macbeth's ambition influenced the cause of his new character. This new character of Macbeth contained greed, violence, and power hunger. Macbeth shows this when he kills King Duncan. In conclusion, the prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeth's influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributed greatly to his deterioration of character which resulted to his downfall...death. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example.

Russia Under Joseph Stalin essays

Russia Under Joseph Stalin essays From the late 1920's, Russian society entered nearly a decade of darkness, in which the government and the people were commanded by paranoia, fear, and terror. Under the newly introduced leader Joseph Stalin, soviet life was subject to greater control and manipulation as Stalin focused upon gaining control over the economic, social and political workings of the nation. Since coming to power, Stalin had always ruled with a heavy and often cruel hand. His introduction and enforcement of the five year plans led to the deaths of millions and cruel measures such as the transformation of prisons into labour camps and prisoners into slaves astounded many. However, cruel, and heavy-handed rule cannot be classified as totalitarianism. Stalin was supremely influential but he was not yet law. Russia's gradual slide into totalitarianism began when Russian culture began to change from emphasizing the proletariat and the peasants in the 1920's to 'the cult of personality' of the 30's. Under this change, Stalin became the keystone of the entire social, political and economic revolution in Russia. Whilst already having almost complete control of economic activities under the 5 yr plans, Stalin began to take a firm grasp of Russian culture. Such examples of this included Newspapers carrying less 'real' information, instead becoming a tool of propaganda for the government, few scientists were to present theories until granted Stalin's approval and art was harnessed by Stalin to solely project images of an ideal life under Stalin. Thus the arts became servants of the state. By the end of the 1930's all forms of art and popular culture were being manipulated to highlight the personal qualities of Stalin and praise his every action. As all independent sources of media had been removed, the peoples of Russia had little choice but to accept what the government told them as true. A major characteristic of totalitarianism rule is that no opposition i...

Chemtrails Versus Contrails

Chemtrails Versus Contrails Do you know the difference between a chemtrail and a contrail? A contrail is an abbreviation for condensation trail, which is a visible white vapor trail produced as water vapor condenses from aircraft engine exhaust. Contrails consist of water vapor or tiny ice crystals. The length of time they persist varies from several seconds to a few hours, depending largely on the temperature and humidity. Chemtrails, on the other hand, are chemical trails purportedly resulting from an intentional high-altitude release of chemical or biological agents. While you might think chemtrails would include crop dusting, cloud seeding and chemical drops for firefighting, the term is only applied to illicit activities as part of a conspiracy theory. Proponents of the chemtrail theory believe chemtrails may be distinguished from contrails by color, displaying a criss-cross trail pattern and persistent appearance. The purpose of chemtrails might be weather control, solar radiation control, or testing of various agents on people, flora or fauna. Atmospheric experts and government agencies say there is no basis for the chemtrail conspiracy theory. Key Takeaways: Contrails vs Chemtrails Contrails are condensation trails left in the sky when the water in aircraft engine exhaust condenses to form artificial clouds.Contrails may last a matter or seconds or persist several hours. Contrails dissipate more slowly when a lot of water vapor is present in the atmosphere. Lower temperatures also aid contrail persistence.Chemtrails refer to a conspiracy theory. The theory stems from a belief in intentional high-altitude releases of chemicals or biological agents.Supposedly, chemtrails are indicated by contrails that persist, occur in a criss-cross pattern, or display colors besides white.Scientists and government agencies have found no evidence supporting the existence of chemtrails. It is true agents are released into the atmosphere from time to time for cloud seeding and experiments on controlling solar radiation. Are Contrails Harmful? Even if its assumed contrails serve no nefarious purpose, its worth asking whether they impact the environment and whether they are potentially harmful. To answer this question, its useful to understand how contrails form. An aircraft with a jet engine burns fuel and releases an exhaust plume into the atmosphere. The composition of the fuel is tightly regulated to minimize impurities, but may contain a small fraction of nitrogen or sulfur. Combustion releases carbon dioxide and water, two important greenhouse gases. Sulfur particles provide nuclei on which water vapor may condense into droplets. The collection of droplets appears as a contrail. Basically, a contrail is an artificial cloud. Criss-crossing contails occur in high traffic areas. Researchers know the clouds produced by aircraft have an impact on air temperature and may impact rainfall and weather patterns. Basically, contrails have the potential to affect global climate change. However, the nature and extent of the change is uncertain. Contrail cover is expected to change over time as aircraft technology, the number of aircraft, and humidity conditions evolve. Persistent contrail cloud cover is expected to increase, at least until 2050 (the end date of the forecast). Aircraft emissions are regulated because they have the potential to contribute to ozone formation and smog. Jet engines emit nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, carbon black, and hydrocarbons (as well aforementioned carbon dioxide, water, and sulfur). However, contrails are not believed to have any immediate effect on public health. Small aircraft do use leaded fuel and release lead into the atmosphere (but dont produce visible trails). Modern Chemtrails If the concept of chemtrails is expanded to include the intentional release of chemicals into the atmosphere (not for some evil purpose), then such projects do exist. Weather modification in the form of cloud seeding is used in parts of the world, including China and Southeast Asia. Some of the chemicals used in the process (typically silver iodide, potassium iodide, table salt, liquid propane, or dry ice) can affect human health and damage the environment. Solar radiation management is an area of ongoing study intended to reflect sunlight and reduce global warming. Some proposed methods include the release of sulfate aerosols and other chemicals into the air. While toxicity is not a primary concern, altering the weather patterns will definitely have environmental effects. Sources Cama, Timothy (March 13, 2015). EPA confronts chemtrails conspiracy talk. The Hill.Johnson, M. Kim (December 1999). Chemtrails Analysis. NMSR Reports, 5(12).Radford, Benjamin (2009). Curious Contrails: Death From the Sky? Skeptical Inquirer.Smith, Oliver (July 4, 2017). Incredible contrail made by Boeing 787 - what causes them, and are they part of a global conspiracy? The Telegraph.US Environmental Protection Agency (September 2000). Aircraft Contrails Factsheet.

Toy's role in a child's life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toy's role in a child's life - Essay Example For instance, Barthes points out that toys are usually perceived basically a â€Å"microcosm of the adult world† (Callus & Herbrechter 150). Therefore, toys can be seen as reduced replicas of the humanly objects, an aspect that is used by the elders to belittle the children. Toys are therefore usually used to create a relatively small world that matches the sizes of the children thus enabling the children to be prepared for adulthood. However, in doing so, adults underestimate the power of creativity and imaginative capabilities possessed by children. Barthes has used the French toys to accurately epitomize the expected functions of the adult individuals in the world. By doing so, children are obviously prepared to accept the expected functions without any insightful thought thus enabling the â€Å"adult world† to be thrust upon the children as they grow up. The children are therefore hallowed to accept the societal acts in the environment without any curiosity. For instance, Barthes argues that the alibi of a nature is frequently used to create â€Å"soldiers, postman and Vespa’s† (Berger 33). This clearly shows that toys have been used to reveal the various things that are existent in the adult world. The toys therefore enables and conditions the children to grow into a world of adulthood through the assimilation of different duties in the world. For instance, toys such as soldiers and combative gadgets that are mostly used by boys help them to assume a more protective role in future whereas replicas of dol ls and kitchen gadgets which are mostly used by girls expresses their future roles as house wives. Equally important, Barthes labels the contemporary toys as faithful, truthful and complicated items. This is due to the fact that the present day children only use the toys as an owner and not as a creator. This implies that currently, children only purchase and own toys without really taking part in the toy’s creation process. Their interest is always

Leisure Tourism in Switzerland Project for Microeconomics Term Paper

Leisure Tourism in Switzerland Project for Microeconomics - Term Paper Example ntry remains active in the United Nations and other international organizations and yet manages to retain strong commitments towards being a neutral entity. Here are some important facts about the country (Cowan, 2005: 7). Gross Domestic Product $659.3 billion (2011) Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate 1.10% (2011) Population 7.912 million (2011) Life Expectance 82.70 years (2011) Median 41.3 Land Area 40,000.0 Unemployment Rate 3.10% Economic Performance The per capita GDP growth in Switzerland was 1.6 in 2011, according to a report published by the World Bank in 2012. The annual percentage of the per capita GDP growth rate has been calculated based on the stable local currency (Frank, 1964:21). Figure 1. Per capita GDP growth (annual %) in Switzerland (Source: World Bank) The real gross domestic product (GDP) in Switzerland has increased by 1.10 % in the first quarter of 2013, as compared to the same quarter of the last year. The annual real GDP growth rate in the country has been r eported by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs. From 1981 to 2013, the real GDP growth rate has been averaged at 1.66 percent. An all-time record high of 7.30 percent was reached in March of 1990. Here it should also be mentioned that a record all-time low of -3.70 was reached in June 2009. In the country, the annual growth rate in GDP shows the change in the value of the services and goods produced by the economy of the nation during the period of a year (Henry, 2008:51). Figure 2: Real GDP Annual Growth Rate of Switzerland (Source: State Secretariat for Economic Affairs) Although labor productivity continues to be the preferred choice, various economists also tend to think in terms of the total factor productivity, or TFP. The total factor productivity of the country has gone down... This paper presents a comprehensive economic analysis of the structure of Swiss economy and assesses the influence of the tourism industry performance on overall economic indicators. The real gross domestic product (GDP) in Switzerland has increased by 1.10 % in the first quarter of 2013, as compared to the same quarter of the last year. The annual real GDP growth rate in the country has been reported by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs. From 1981 to 2013, the real GDP growth rate has been averaged at 1.66 percent Although labor productivity continues to be the preferred choice, various economists also tend to think in terms of the total factor productivity, or TFP. The total factor productivity of the country has gone down in the last year or so. Since the major recession, there was a downward and upward trend in 2009. The majority of exported goods are shipped to a number of countries from where the imported goods come in. Most of the import trade partners of the country are the industrialized countries such as Italy, Germany, France, Netherlands, USA, Great Brittan, Japan, According to a report published by the International Monetary Fund, the gross fixed investment of the country in 2012 was 20.6%. A part from this the expenditure of the foreign guests in the country has the same effect on the balance of payment of the nation as the export of goods and services. Tourism industry contributes 6% to the country’s GDP. This is the very reason due to which sometimes tourism is referred to as an invisible export.

Effect of Social Media on Nigerian Undergraduate Essay Example for Free

Effect of Social Media on Nigerian Undergraduate Essay Rapid growth of popular online communication mediums has introduced new ways for the students to communicate. The vast array of social communication changes introduced by the relatively young prologue of social network site mandate the essences of this study. This study accessed the influenced social media (facebook in particular) on Nigeria youth in the higher institution. Specifically it attempts to collect facts on the positive and negative influence of facebook on Nigeria youth. Background of the Study  New type of communication influence by rapidly changing internet-based-technologies have spurred research on mass communications theory(Ruggerio,2000). during the period of 1988 to 1998 the internet grow nearly 100 percent every year as of January of 1998,it was estimated that 102 million people were using the internet globally(Bastian,1998). in 2007, the pew internet American life project forecasted that between 165 and 210 million users were surfing the internet in the united states alone (fallows,2007). Between November of 2006 and December of2009,the pew Internet American life project found that teenagers and young adults were consistently to highest users of the internet. social network sites, in particular, have provide a prominent medium for relationship formation (valkenburg, Peter sebouten,2006). As the internet quickly grow many key online technologies began to take shape. In 2008, social networking site were among the fastest rising most visited websites. CBC News reported that the popular social networking website Facebook jumped from the 60th most visited website to the 7th most visited website in 2008. One social network site in particular has become one of the most visited internet websites in the world. Initially started in February of 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, the social network site Facebook. com has become largely popular. Its mission has been to â€Å"give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected† (Facebook. com, 2009). Millions of users are empowered to communicate with friends, share information such as photographs and videos, and learn more about the individuals they meet on Facebook everyday (Facebook. com,2009) At the time of data collection for this study Facebook. om had over 900 million active users, approximately half of Facebook’s active users log into Facebook on a given day. In addition, users have historically spent 500 billion minute per month on Facebook (Facebook. com, 2010). As of spring of 2010, Facebook had become the most popular social network site in the world. As online social networking grows in popularity the number of users placing personal information online does as well. Studies as shown that undergraduates put high levels of personal information online/ including inappropriate and appropriate information,which can be easily accessed by anyone.  This study focused on the influences of social networking on undergraduate that are using Facebook. This literature review discusses the previous research and findings on the influence of Social Media (Facebook) on undergraduate, youth and children. According to data gathered from several sources by Online Education . net. Social media may have positive impact on students’ sense of themselves in the community. social media-using students were twice as likely as other students feel well-liked by their peers and to participate in extracirricular activities. And more of Facebook-using students (as compared to students who didn’t use Facebook) said they felt connected to their school and the world. However, negative effects abound student who use Faceebok and hit the books simultaneously found their multitasking led to a lower grades than those of their more focused peers. Not only do grade suffer, but students might actually end up feeling depress. As Facebook’s dominance continues to grow, we are starting to realize the impact it is having in society, particularly on youth. DR. Larry Rosen, a professor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, researches on how technology impacts youth. Rosen presented his study at the 119th American Psychological Association Convention in Washington DC. His findings are based on survey responses from computer-based surveys distributed to 1,000 urban adolescents and his own 15-minute observation of 300 teenagers that were studying. Rosen said in a presentation title† Poke Me: How Social Network can both Help and Harm Our Kids. He said his research found both negative and positive influences linked to social networking. Rosen’s top three potential negative effects of Facebook; 1. Teenager who use Facebook more often show narcissistic tendencies while young adults who have a strong Facebook presence show more sign of other psychological disorders, including antisocial behaviours, mania, and aggressive tendencies. 2. Daily over use media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens, an teenagers by making them more susceptible to future health problems’ 3.  Facebook can be distracting and can negatively impact learning. Studies found that middle school, high school, and college students who checked Facebook at least once during a 15-minute study period achieved lower grades. Rosen’s top three potential positive effects of Facebook; 1. Young adult who spend more time on Facebook are better at showing â€Å"virtual empathy† to their friends 2. Online social networking can help introverted adolescents learn how to socialized behind the safely of various screens, ranging from two-inch smart phone to 17-inch laptop.   3.  Social networking can provide tools for teaching in compelling ways that engage young students. Jasmine, P. (2011) rightly said; today youth is addicted to social networking site like orkut, Facenook, e. t. c. But nowadays especially Facebook is most popular amongst youth. Due to this over indulgence, their studies suffer a lot. Even it not only hinder their studies but also their physical, social, mental and ethic growth. Children have become couch potato. Parents are under stress to see their children spending more and more time on this social network sites. ot only children became a prey of these but every age group fascinated of this sites. this sites are meant for connecting people, to make them socialize, communicate with each other, share videos, photos, their past memories etc. but people especially youth used whole day wasting their time on this sites. they are addicted to this sites. Mose Jator(2011)also has this to say; social networking is good to some extent that people share views and ideas as well as keep in touch with friends and love ones. ooking at it on the other hand, you will discover that people today tend to use this avenue for their selfish interests which in most cases offend public decency. Some use fake identity. Looking at it on the other hand, you will discover that people today tend to use this avenue for their selfish interests which in most cases offend public decency. Some use fake identities with the sole aim of cheating hence the prevalence of cybercrime. Many youth today found themselves in one secret society and either consciously or unconsciously through social networking. Walther (1995) postulates that computer-mediated communication(e. g. social network)offers additional opportunity for students with limited amounts of time for socialization to develop their personal relationship than their face-to-face peers(as cited in Mazar, Murphy Simonds,2007). Methodology The intent of this study is to examine the influence of facebook on undergraduates. it seek to determine the positive and negative impact of facebook have on undergraduates attitude, grade and social life. An interview with 15 respondent from the major higher institutions in kwara state. Interview guide was used in collecting in-depth or rich data from the respondent. the purpose of this section is to describe the methodology used in this qualitative study. Findings Social media has become an integral part of our lives and no group feels it impact more than students. Facebook started on college campuses and it continue to thrive there the most. there’s no doubt that social media has had a huge impact on the lives of students, but what’s less clear is whether this impact has been good or bad. As a result of the interview guide administered to undergraduate of higher institution of Kwara state. Akinkunmi Jayeola, a business study student of Kwara state polytechnic posited that facebook are good platform for sharing what’s in your mind, a good medium of communication, easiest and cheapest means of communication. it’s a good way to stay connected with your friends in this fast going trend. You get a good knowledge about present going things. He later go further by pointing out the negative side of it by stressing that, if you give it so importance it will make you as slave. Another opinion from Afolayan Kabir another student from same institution also elaborate what Akinkunmi has said by stressing that facebook is good to use if we use it to some limit. it help us in improving our communication, use for creating awareness and negative aspect of it is that students waste too much time on this site. Baderu Ayotunde also have something to say; he rightly stress that it is good for student to use facebook if it is used in a right way because it a means for individual to explore the world without physically taking risks. nother student expositing on Baderu’s point of view that facebook is a good things for youth of Nigeria to think beyond friendship to close or old friends and new friends around the globe, one can share thought to each other and exchange the knowledge. he further enriches his point by sitting instant like; Today if breaking news happens before the news channels flashes, facebook flashes up the detail which were uploaded or shared by t he nearby person using facebook. he took his stand that to him that facebook is the way to develop the people of Nigeria and aware them. Najeeb Blogun student of university of Ilorin held a contrary opinion by stating that facebook have a negative impact on youth by spoiling their life and killing their most valuable time in chatting rather than spending time more on their studies. He go further by also positing that youth are cheatting one another by their false name on facebook, like a boy coming into facebook and introducing himself as a girl to divert attention towards himself and exploiting the people’s mind, it may also increase terrorism. In exploring the underlying structures of influence of facebook on Nigeria youth, the fact deduce is that facebook site has became the means of communication where individual were connected with friends and relatives with this sites as they don’t have enough time to spend with their friends in their busy schedule they can stay connected with them by sharing their feelings, thoughts, pictures etc. It’s the easiest and cheapest means of communication as now that internet is easily accessible to everybody. As anything that exceeds its limit becomes addiction therefore this can affect anyone that got addicted to facebook. The information uploaded can be misused by the people so it increases the question of privacy. so adaptation of things in limited ways is important.

Greed Economics :: essays papers

Greed Economics Pokemon, Microsoft and the Economics of Greed Greed Economics: The uplifting or debilitating effect of the excessive desire of gain on the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. Solid proof that â€Å"greed economics† lives and breathes was recently found in Newswek’s Novmber 8th issue in an article entitled â€Å"Puffy’s Crowded Orbit†. Sean (Puffy) Combs is founder and CEO of the extremely profitable Bad Boy entertainment. In the billion dollar a year rap music industry, he is the cognac in a world of beer. In 1997, his first album, (carried by the hit â€Å"Missing You†), sold an extraordinary 6 million copies! But Comb’s who is known as much for his business savvy as for his musical talent, ignored the rules of â€Å"greed management† and recklessy expanded into publications, clothing lines and restaurants. The sale of his recent album â€Å"Forever†, despite a red-hot reputation and a 32-city promotional tour, was â€Å"weaker than weak†. Newsweek reports that in the first week of November â€Å"the album was No.27 on the charts.† The same article places his last years earnings at $5 3 million; well off his tyical $100 million-a-year earnings of the mid 1990’s. Sorry â€Å"Puff† the law is real. Greed affects quality. Inner-city America finds it of some interest that this law does not favor the rich, the politically plugged in, or the â€Å"white† of this world. America’ richest man, Bill Gates received a stunning setback earlier this month when Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson ruled against the $500 billion software company Microsoft, declaring that it violated antitrust law and was in fact a monopoly. In a Newsweek article dated November 15th rntitled â€Å"Bill Takes it on the Chin†, Judge Jackson stated: â€Å"Microsoft has demonstrated that it will use its prodigious market power and immense profits to harm any firm that insists on pursuing initiates that could intensify competion†. Why couldn’t Billy be satisfied with say a $100 billion company? The penalty for ignoring the law of â€Å"reed rationing† may include having the software giant broken down into a bunch of little midgets. Are you listening William? Greed attracts powerful enemies. Well why not remove greed out of the equation altogether? Isn’t it ALL poison? Can’t we find a few cheerleaders for total greed celibacy? Not on your life. Why? Because economically speaking, greed isn’t all that bad. Take for example the hugely successful video game-toy phenomena Pokemon.

Forms Of Literature: Barbie Doll

American culture encompasses today’s traditions, ideals, customs, beliefs, values, and innovations. In Marge Piercys poem entitled â€Å"Barbie Doll†, the title emphasizes the theme of the poem which is that girls are ultimately influenced by society’s limited definitions of feminine behavior and beauty. In this poem Piercy conveys the cultural and societal expectations that American culture places on children these days, especially young girls. The image that Piercy tries to portray in this poem is not supposed to be wrong in any way but in reality it is incorrect to what according to the American society is the â€Å"perfect women†. As a child, the girl in the poem was presented dolls that did pee-pee, miniature GE stoves, irons, and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy. By providing and using solid examples that many Americans would be familiar with, and even using the brand name of General Electric, Marge Piercy allows the story to relate to images of the reader's past. In these examples, though, are the ultimate causes of the girl's lack of self-satisfaction: perfect bodies, perfect faces, and the perfect look. It is to no surprise that Piercy names the poem â€Å"Barbie Doll† the typical example of fake perfection. Further into the poem Piercy goes to greater extent to show the consequence of dissatisfaction with one's self. Despite the fact that she was healthy, tested intelligent, possessed strong arms and back, had an abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity, traits that would seem â€Å"perfect† to any human being, she was still unaccepted by society. The girl attempts to please everyone at first, but soon â€Å"Her good nature wore out. † The people around her were the main cause. In the stanza that immediately follows, Piercy shows the main idea of the poem. The young women whom is now lying dead in a casket wearing a pretty dress and fake makeup now looks â€Å"beautiful† to the people around her. The society is now happy. â€Å"Doesn't she look pretty? Everyone said†. Her beauty is no longer significant now that she cannot live to express it. The society in which the young girl lived in drove her to her death. Laced in irony, it is finally stated by the author that the girl has achieved acceptance, but not on the quality of her character or her being but through the unwilling compromise to culture. Piercy shows through her poem â€Å"Barbie Doll† the dangers of false standards and the consequences of their application. It is not that we should all be held to a single, high standard, but rather that we should each be judged according to our own quality and values. When reading this poem I realized that wanting to fit in and be perfect isn’t cool, it’s a waste of a perfect life.

Human and American Scholar Essay

Transcendentalism in America The transcendentalist movement hit America full force by the mid 19th century, crafting a passionate spiritual idealism in its wake and leaving a unique mark on the history of American literature. Transcendentalism stems from the broader Romanticist time period, which depends on intuition rather than reasoning. Transcendentalism takes a step further into the realm of spirituality with the principle that in order to discover the divine truth that the individual seeks, he or she must transcend, or exceed, the â€Å"everyday human experience in the physical world† (â€Å"Elements of Literature: Fifth Course† 146). Nature, the physical world, is seen as a doorway to the divine world; beings can cross over into this divine world by not only observing nature, but also looking within themselves. As a result, individuality and self-assurance are seen as virtues, since they come from the heart of the individual. William Cullen Bryant and his poem Thanatopsis, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s The American Scholar, and Walt Whitman’s A Noiseless Patient Spider all display fundamental characteristics of Transcendentalism. William Cullen Bryant was a famous American poet of the 1800s, integrating major themes of transcendentalism into his poems and short stories. Thanatopsis is one of Bryant’s most famous works, and combines the themes of nature, death, and the unity of these two with humanity. He starts by personifying nature, and claims he has a unique relationship with â€Å"her† and all her different â€Å"forms†, referring to sights that adorn the landscape. Valleys, brooks, and plant life are all her different forms. Bryant explains that nature speaks differently to an individual according to their mood: â€Å"Communion with her visible forms, she speaks/A various language; for his gayer hours/She has a voice of gladness, and a smile† (2-4). When that individual’s attitude changes, so does nature’s character: â€Å"and she glides/Into his darker musings, with a mild/And healing sympathy, that steals away/Their sharpness, ere he is aware. † (5-8). Nature seemingly heals the individual’s pain before they are conscious of it. Bryant then transfers to the melancholy thoughts of death. He states that when we die, we will become one with nature. He describes all the ways the earth will reuse us in the soil, for the trees, and we will become as indifferent as rocks that scatter about the world. Therefore, we should not feel disheartened towards death. He continues to persuade the reader not to worry, for everyone will one day lie down â€Å"in one mighty sepulcher† (37) together. He ends on the note that we should not greet death with hopelessness, as if entering a prison, but embrace it as if it were just an opportunity to lie down and sleep dreamily. Transcendentalism is a sector of romanticism, and therefore, like romanticism, can be said to encompass the philosophy of â€Å"reverence for nature† (Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia). Many transcendentalist believers took to nature to gain inspiration and descend into a state of divinity. Wildlife was connected to God, and by embracing the wild you embraced spirituality itself. Living in an untamed environment and functioning in the works of nature was the essence of transcendentalism. Bryant perceives the personified Nature as a celestial being that takes many forms in the world, and he calls out to those who see her similarly. In his first line he addresses â€Å"To him who in the love of Nature holds/ Communion with her visible forms†(1-2). He is calling out to those who hold a special relationship with Nature’s various spectacles. He continues to admire nature’s wisdom, urging readers to â€Å"Go forth, under the open sky, and list/To Nature’s teachings, while from all around/ Earth and her waters, and the depths of air/Comes a still voice† (14-17). One author notes â€Å" ‘Thanatopsis’ then exhorts anyone overcome with morbid thoughts of human mortality to venture into Nature for the sake of uplifting lessons to be derived from the elements of air, earth, and water that constitute the universe† (Curley). Another characteristic of the transcendental literary time period is human mortality, and this is the main concern in Thanatopsis, which literally translates into â€Å"a meditation on death†. As one critic puts it, Thanatopsis grants â€Å"consolation for human mortality through mankind’s unity with nature† (Curley). Death, no matter what time period it is observed in, can be daunting to an individual. Since death is a part of nature, transcendentalism embraces it as a cycle of life. Thanatopsis is intertwined with the perspective of nature, it is Nature’s lessons that ease the fear of death: â€Å"Nature then begins to speak, and does so for the remainder of the poem, directly addressing the person oppressed by human mortality with a reminder that while the body will dissolve in the grave, one’s identity will be lost in its commingling with the elements. † (Price). Many transcendentalists like this idea of the human body becoming one with nature, giving back to the place from where it originated, such as in Bryant’s words: â€Å"Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim/Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again/And, lost each human trace, surrendering up/Thine individual being, shalt thou go†(22-25). The main reason transcendentalists do not dread mortality is the solace that â€Å"the body will dissolve in the grave, one’s identity will be lost in its commingling with the elements† (Curley). Additionally, Bryant offered further explanations as to why death should be accepted, rather than fled from. Humanity itself is not permanent, and no man has ever been immortal; Bryant amplifies this truth: â€Å"All that breathe/Will share thy destiny. The gay will laugh/When thou art gone, the solemn brood of care/Plod on, and each one as before will chase/His favorite phantom; yet all these shall leave† (60-64). To this, one critic comments â€Å"an individual’s death merges with the mortality of the entire human race anywhere in time, anywhere in place, and therefore, merely fulfills the universal human destiny†¦The living may be carefree or sad, but in the end they share the same mortal fate† (Curley). Ralph Waldo Emerson also exemplified various themes of transcendentalism in his work. Emerson’s The American Scholar encourages individualism, nonconformity, originality, and reliance on the inner spirit. He discusses different sources that the human mind should rely on, such as nature, literature, and action. He embraces an understanding of oneself. Emerson criticizes those who focus too much on the great minds of the past, rather than being inspired by them, and don’t actually think for themselves. He explains that work leaves an individual empty, almost becoming a simple machine, like the growing factories in America. Emerson directs this speech at a particular issue: America’s influence from European literature. This came to bother Emerson, who believed in inspiration from oneself. The individual is so special. This speech directly targets America’s unknown identity during this time, which he wishes to establish by inspiring each and every â€Å"American scholar†. An important aspect of transcendentalism in The American Scholar was individualism and self-confidence: â€Å"If the single man plant himself indomitably on his instincts, and there abide, the huge world will come round to him† (The American Scholar). Individualism is what spins the planet of creativity; to Emerson, without it human beings would not be able to achieve their full potential. In order for a person to free their individuality, they would have to first disengage from society itself. Emerson believes that society limits an individual’s capacity. One critic notes that Emerson sees the American scholar as a reformation project, where one must have â€Å"an idealized portrait of intellectual life rooted in the liberated humanity of the individual thinker. In practice this means an outright rejection of conformity and groupthink, including the uncritical acceptance of established creeds and dogmas† (Yang). Before the transcendentalism period hit America, industrialization had taken a toll on the American people; work was the central focus, and it left many tired and empty. Emerson observed, â€Å"Equated with their occupational function, people become tool-like, with a corresponding social arrangement that reinforces this state of affairs. He views this deformation as inherent in the mercantile and manufacturing culture then emerging in the United States. This social fragmentation not only inhibits human potential†¦ its soul-destroying consequences are dehumanizing† (Matuozzi). Another more obscure issue that Emerson dealt with was America’s tendency to hang on to past great writers and philosophers, rather than coming to revelations with their own minds. As Emerson put it, â€Å"Books are written on it [the world] by thinkers, not by Man Thinking, by men of talent, that is, who start wrong, who set out from accepted dogmas, not from their own sight of principles. Meek young men grow up in libraries, believing it their duty to accept the views which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon, have given; forgetful that Cicero, Locke and Bacon were only young men in libraries when they wrote these books† (The American Scholar). One critic explains this quote: â€Å"Emerson criticizes those scholars who allow themselves to be dominated by the past great minds to the extent that they think for the historical figures rather than for themselves, thereby becoming bookworms instead of â€Å"Man Thinking† (Yang). While looking to historical figures is oftentimes needed to understand what a person needs to do in their life, it does more harm than good to sculpt yourself into that exact person. It is confidence in oneself that is needed for transcendentalist philosophy to prevail. A central theme in The American Scholar is striving for wholeness. Since this private aspiration is linked with an individualist ethic and often clashes with social norms and public institutions, Emerson’s project would seem to require a powerful will†¦ the harmonization of will, intellect, and soul is difficult, perhaps the chief impediment to the full realization of self-reliance and self-trust†¦In the end, Emers on’s espousal of self-reliant individualism in The American Scholar is an unwavering rejection of whatever blunts creative human potential. Wherever circumstances threaten the value of autonomy, the outspoken message of The American Scholar will offer encouragement, proving a clear alternative to debilitating conformity and spiritual alienation. † (Matuozzi) Emerson also expands on the idea of action. Without it, transcendentalism would be nothing but talk of reformation. It would do no good to anyone in the world. Transcendentalist ideas were based on constantly living, rather than constantly contemplating. Emerson sees that action is relevant to human potential. The scholar immerses him- or herself in the world rather than fleeing it. The world is an occasion to gain valuable knowledge through focused, mindful participation. † (Matuozzi). The critic is directly stemming from a statement made in The American Scholar by Emerson: â€Å"Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it he is not yet man. Without it thought can never ripen into truth. Whilst the world hangs before the eye as a cloud of beauty, we cannot even see its beauty. Inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the heroic mind. (The American Scholar). A Noiseless Patient Spider by Walt Whitman has a key trait of the characteristics of transcendentalism as well. The first stanza of the poem starts out by describing one isolated spider. Whitman describes the actions of this spider, as it flings its filaments, or silk webs, into the air. The arachnid is doing this in the hope of latching on to some sort of solid, stable surface. This would ensure it an easy groundwork for setting up the rest of its web. The observer in the poem remarks that he can see this spider as it repeats this tedious task over and over again. In the second stanza, Whitman changes perspectives, instead focused on a human mortal. In the first stanza, the poet saw the desolate world the spider resided in. â€Å"I mark’d where on a little promontory it stood isolated/Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surrounding† (2-3). In the second stanza, the poet takes this lone spider and turns the creature into a metaphorical form of the human soul. He describes how his own soul is â€Å"Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them† (8). Just like the spider, uncertain of its future, the human soul also wanders about aimlessly, hoping to grasp something stable that it can cling to. It is just as lonesome. This literary piece adds to the transcendental theme of the unknown. Oftentimes, people find themselves drifting along in life, not knowing where they are headed. â€Å"A miniscule spider, attempting to chart a boundless vacuity with grossly inadequate equipment, becomes a living symbol of the pathetic plight of human mortality. The human soul, too, must deal with the unknown. (Scherle). We search for a purpose, a meaning in our lives that will stabilize us. â€Å"The experience of the spider becomes a metaphor symbolizing the soul’s quest for the unification of earthly and heavenly existence†¦the person visualizes in the spider’s action a reflection of the pathetic yet heroic struggle he is waging to find immortality. † (Scherle). Without purpose, a person can stray from a better path; tr anscendentalists found comfort in knowing that the unknown is connected with some mystical higher being. As one critic notes, â€Å"The sense of human insignificance is monstrous† (Scherle). Along those lines, Whitman shows that finding that sole purpose can be a long and tiresome task. Oftentimes it is repetitive and dismal, and the outcome is unspecified. â€Å"Everything (immortality) is hanging on a silken thread, which is being tossed tentatively and figuratively into an unidentified, undefined ‘somewhere’† (Scherle). Whitman sees his soul in â€Å"Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space† just as the spider â€Å"stood isolated† in a â€Å"vacant vast surrounding† (2-7). What the critic realizes is that â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider is a poem about loneliness†¦this is a loneliness that grows out of an inherent tendency of the body and soul to attempt to unite with an elusive divine entity in order to gain immortality† (Scherle). Whitman uses the transcendental â€Å"concept of nature as a wayseer for human truth† (Scherle). Transcendentalism is portrayed through the literary works of William Cullen Bryant and Thanatopsis, Ralph Waldo Emerson and The American Scholar, and Walt Whitman and A Noiseless Patient Spider. Thanatopsis exemplifies themes of nature and death. Transcendentalists immersed themselves in the natural world to connect with the divine otherworld. The American Scholar argued that in order to transcend the human body into a spiritual realm, you must first disengage from society. A Noiseless Patient Spider explains the isolation and uncertainty we have throughout our lives. We search for purpose and reason, never knowing what to expect. Transcendentalism was a unique literary time period in America that consisted of a love for nature, the divine, and the individual human mind. Works Cited Page * â€Å"Romanticism. † HarperCollins Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia. 1996). ebscohost. Web. 18 Mar 2013. * Price, Victoria. â€Å"Thanatopsis, Poems. † Salem Press Masterplots. (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Curley, Thomas M. â€Å"Thanatopsis, Poems. † Salem Press Masterplots II. (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Scherle, Phillis J. â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider, Leaves of Grass. à ¢â‚¬  Salem Press Masterplots II (2002). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Matuozzi, Robert N. â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider, Leaves of Grass. † Salem Press Masterplots (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Yang, Vincent. â€Å"The American Scholar. † Salem Press Magill’s

Solon essays

Solon essays Solon could be called the Abraham Lincoln of his time. Where he did not go as far with democracy as we did he is one of the original founding fathers of it. The origin of the Athenian democracy of the fifth and fourth centuries can be traced back to Solon, who flourished in the years around 600 BCE. Solon was a poet and a wise statesman. (Microsoft Corporation, 2000) Besides the laws he wrote Speeches to the People and Exhortations to himself in elegiacs, and the poems on Salamis and Athenaion Politeia, also Iambics and Epodes. Poetry was for Solon a way to entertain himself. He also used poetry to give his ideas easy access to the minds of the Athenians. Solon was born in a noble family, as a young man he engaged in foreign and economic conditions in Greece. During a crisis in Greece many free Athenian small farmers, who could not pay their debts were sold into slavery to pay off their debts. Solon was elected archon, or chief magistrate, to help reform the oppressive conditions tha t were going on in Greece in 594BCE. (Microsoft Corporation, 2000) Solon immediately dismissed all outstanding debts, and he freed as many Athenians as he could from the slavery they had sold themselves into. He banned any loans that are secured by a promise to enter into slavery if the loan is defaulted, and he tried to bring people who had been sold into slavery abroad back to Athens. At first, both factions were dissatisfied with these measures, the rich at being divested of their loan securities, the poor at Solon's failure to reallocate land or to dictate a strictly equal style of living on all citizens. However, they soon realized the advantages of Solon's policies, and granted him plenipotentiary powers to revise the constitution and code of law. Solon repealed the laws of Dracon, which punished even small offenses with death, so it was said that the laws of Dracon were written in blood instead of ink. Solon reser ...

Best Time Scheduling The Easy Way To Get More Engagement

Best Time Scheduling The Easy Way To Get More Engagement We all know there’s a science to scheduling social messages, yet decoding that formula takes time. Social etiquette, best practices, and data crunching rule the world of social strategy. Some nerds have the bandwidth to figure this out (like us), but a lot of you might not have the time to dive into it. Well, at least, not until today that is :) Best time scheduling is our newest social media automation feature to launch this Spring. It will take the guesswork out of posting your social media messages, so you can get the most engagement from your social messages every time,  Ã‚  without the manual busywork. Take the guesswork out of #socialmedia posting with Best Time Scheduling. has done its due diligence by compiling best practices from hundreds of the world’s best marketers, analyzing the rules/strategies of every social platform, rehashing our methods, and testing out the â€Å"perfect† times. Reap the awesome benefits of high engagement, increased traffic, and more followers with best time scheduling. Its that easy! Best Time Scheduling is out in the world now! #socialmedia #blogging #socialmediamanagementHow Does Best Time Scheduling Work? Theres no need to guess anymore when  it comes to scheduling your social media. Use best time scheduling to share your messages at the best times for each network  every time you post. You can rest assured that your social media messages will be sent at great times and that theyll be seen by the right people. Simply create your messages and choose the â€Å"Best Time† option which is located in your social queue dropdown and also in the Chrome extension. From there, will schedule your messages at the best traffic times for each network  ensuring that you get the most engagement every time you post. Want to have a little more control? Best time scheduling has four time ranges to choose from:  morning (8-11 a.m.), midday (11-3 p.m.), afternoon (3-7 p.m.), and evening (7-11 p.m.). Recommended Reading: How To Quadruple Your Traffic With A Social Media Editorial Calendar will now schedule out your messages at the highest traffic times for each network.Engage with more of your audience! Best time scheduling lets you focus on writing quality messages that increase clickthroughs  while we share them at the best times. The better the content the more engagement youll get! Optimize your hard work and let best time scheduling determine the best time for your messages to go out. We’ll make sure your messages don’t go to waste and that the right people see your content! Recommended Reading: 21 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Grow Your Audience Also, with so much competition, it’s tough to cut through the noise. Best time scheduling spaces your messages out for maximum coverage, getting you the most social engagement for every single message you schedule. Recommended Reading: What Is The Best Placement For Successful Social Media Buttons Collision proof your messages! Best time scheduling takes into account the whole day and everything you already have scheduled. If you need to reschedule a piece of content, simply drag it to a  new day. will take care of the rest. It’s constantly re-working the schedule so your messages don’t feel spammy or get sent out too close to one another. Organic messages are best! We want your users to get the sense they’re forming a relationship with a real person and not a robot. In order, to help with that weve added a layer of intelligence so your posts don’t go  out at the same times. Recommended Reading:  8 Social Media Best Practices That Will Save You 25.5 Hours In A 2-Week Sprint Organic messages are best! #socialmediaNo More Busy Work Or Manual Scheduling! When you use best time scheduling youll be able to focus on writing quality social messages and publishing exceptional content. Let worry about getting your messages out at the best time! With best time scheduling, you can schedule with confidence. Your messages will be sent at the best time possible according to research and best practices. Are you ready to increase your traffic, engagement, and followers? If so, youll love best time scheduling!

Summary of story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of story - Assignment Example The baby reminds the two of the love, peace and stability they once created. However, as the two parents begin fighting over the baby and pulling her the baby begins to cry thereby symbolizing the disunity and commotion the two create in the family. They pull the baby mercilessly as he continues crying. The woman manages to pull the baby from the man’s grip, and the author ends the story in a suspense. The suspense about the baby’s future portrays the suspense in the conflict between the two, which also remains unresolved. The baby is an integral symbol in the short story. He symbolizes the peace and love that once existed in the family to the distrust and disharmony the two experience later. The baby heightens the conflict in the story and influences both the course of the conflict and its subsequent resolution. While the conflict remains unresolved, the two parents are likely to consider the baby’s welfare when doing

Post traumatic stress disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Post traumatic stress disorder - Research Paper Example The first public alert on the disorder was from the war veterans (Mueser, Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 2009). They spent so much time away from home, and when they came back home, they had persistent flashbacks. The flashbacks caused them to feel threatened wherever they were and could not trust anyone with their lives. Over the years, the disorder has recorded a rise and it has become a socio-cultural problem. The traumatic experiences like terrorist attacks, earthquakes, floods, kidnappings, rape, child abuse, and many others have contributed to more victims suffering from the disorder (Cash, 2006). Statistics has shown that very soon the disorder may be one of the major public health concerns (Cash, 2006). Changes in the methods of treatment are therefore necessary to curb the growing menace. Over the years, the method used for the treatment of PTDS is only focused on the short-term treatment of the disease (Steele, van der Hart and Nijenhuis, 2001). The formulation has not characterized the significant symptoms seen on the victims who have suffered prolonged mental afflictions. They are mainly attributed to repeated domestic or sexual abuse together with political torture. A substitute diagnostic formulation â€Å"complex PTSD† should replace the method of treatment. This treatment will ensure that multiple symptoms are treated, and it will deal with the long-term effect of the disease on the individual for them to heal completely (Steele, van der Hart and Nijenhuis, 2001). The current PTDS deals only with the treatment of single acute trauma and leaves out the bigger picture caused by multiple sources of trauma (Steele, van der Hart and Nijenhuis, 2001). Judith Herman, a professor of psychology at the Harvard, was the first person to propose this treatment. Her book â€Å"Trauma and Recovery† accurately spells out how the treatment should be carried out using the â€Å"complex PTDS†. Most of the clinicians have been of the

The Nuremberg Main Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Nuremberg Main Trials - Essay Example However, Nuremberg was flawed, to a certain extent, and it is sensible to assume that its imperfections could be the most integral features of it deserving of attention at present. Still, many would believe that there are other features, as well, and that a number of these address undying desires for the triumph of fairness and justice.2 This essay examines the appropriateness of the indictments, the issue of jurisdiction, and general questions of legality with reference to the ‘fair trial principle’ in the Nuremberg main trial. Appropriateness of the Indictments The function of the IMT at Nuremberg was to formally question the ‘main’ German war criminals. IMT had two members from each of the four participating nations, namely, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. These members would shape various paradigms of criminal law and process.3 The IMT mission was instigated in 1945, as soon as the Committee of Chief Counsels of the four p arties to the London Agreement—a declaration that specify the guidelines and law through which the Nuremberg trials were to be carried out-- approved and passed an indictment laying down the criminal acts arraigned against the ‘main’ war criminals.4 The indictment convicted them with four violations: ‘(1) common plan or conspiracy, (2) crimes against peace, (3) war crimes, and (4) crimes against humanity.’5 Common plan or conspiracy The scholars of the Nuremberg Trials claimed that it is crucial to impugn the guiltiest offenders for conniving to pursue the Nazi persecution of the Jews and other acts of violence. Nevertheless, it was not a war misdeed for the nation to perpetrate acts of violence against its own people.6 For that reason, â€Å"[t]he American motives for spinning the dense web of conspiracy to inculpate the Nazi brass is no secret in that the stratagem was essentially intended to procure legal grounds for holding the instigators of th e Nazi movement accountable for the record of ‘domestic’ bestialities against assorted segments of their own population, including the Jewish minority.†7 In view of that, a conspiracy conviction was seen crucial so as to impugn individuals for planning or pursuing a common plan to perpetrate crimes against civilians. The Tribunal took into account the indictment of common plan or conspiracy on the basis of two rationales: first is the blameworthiness of organisations, and second is whether the war criminals had connived to pursue genocide and persecution. The latter rationale was settled under the accusation of ‘crimes against peace’.8 The Tribunal, as regards to the accusation of ‘conspiracy’, simply deemed: In the opinion of the Tribunal, the evidence establishes the common planning to prepare and wage war by certain of the defendants. It is immaterial to consider whether a single conspiracy... has been conclusively proved.9 Moreover, t he Tribunal resolutely strived to lessen the possible perils to minor collaborators or innocent members which could have stemmed from its judgment to charge four organisations of war crimes.10 As claimed by Professor Schwarzenberger, â€Å"

Evaluation of Consumer-Driven Health Plans (CDHPs)

Evaluation of Consumer-Driven Health Plans (CDHPs) Introduction Consumer-driven healthplans(CDHPs) are health care benefits plans focused on the commitment of patrons in health care decision-making. Consumer-driven healthplans(CDHPs) facilitate patients to also make use of dollars of employer-funded or to save their personal dollars in an account to be used to shell out for appropriate health care expenses.The backlash of managed care of the 1990s merged with growing health expenditures leaded to the formation of consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs), which lay bigger accountability for decision-making of health care in the consumer’s hands. In retort to the insight amongst consumers that managed care plans were restricting admittance to prospectively beneficial care consumer-directed plans were proposed to manage costs by altering health care decision-making accountability from insurers to customers. [Buntin MB, Damberg C,] CDHPs are anticipated to decrease spending of health care by divulging consumers to the implications of financial of their treatment decisions. The idea was that consumers, equipped with classy tools of information and rendered to the financial effects of their decisions, would compel in health care delivery value-based advance. CDHPs have developed in reputation ever since their inception, now enrolling in relation to 17 percent of people with insurance of employer-sponsored.[ Goodman, J. C.] There are three most important components of CDHPs plans under the head of the reimbursement account (HRA), health savings account (HSA),and Flexible Spending Account (FSA). The plans are initiated to support members to comprehend and have superior association in their individual decisions of health care. The employee can suitably choose when and how his or her health care dollars are utilized. Following are the descriptions of different types of plans:- Health Reimbursement Account -This account is funded by the employer. A Health Reimbursement Account plan includes a deductible, but enrollees classically employ their HRA to disburse for out-of-pocket expenses prior to they meet the deductible. The HRA plan comprises an enrollee out-of-pocket maximum. The plan offers 100 percent reimbursement once the limit is met, for covered services, together with pharmacy benefits. Health Savings Account -A Health Savings Account (HSA)is the individual account of account holder’s and can be employed to compensate for qualified pharmacy and medical expenses.HAS can be funded by the employee employer, or others. An HSA plan comprise a deductible, however enrollees can use their HSA to shell out for out-of-pocket expenses prior to they meet up the deductible. Flexible Spending Account -A patient may perhaps have the alternative to employ an FSA in combination with an HRA to assist to pay for entitled pharmacy and medical expenses not enclosed by the medical plan. This comprises non-medically necessary procedures, over-the-counter medications, (e.g., laser eye operation) and a great deal more. Consumer-driven health care tenders numerous opportunities to develop the health of employees and to lessen on the whole health care costs for employers. For the most part importantly, the model of consumer-driven health care propose support for employees, their families and further dependents to take a further dynamic role in supervision of their health and health care service. CDHPs are inclined to draw upper income, additional educated enrollees; other than there is no confirmation that CDHPs have escort to risk segmentation resultant in corroded insurance coverage. Approximately all the proof on CDHPs is from huge, self-insured employers for whom constructive choice into a CDHP is not essentially challenging. [Barry CL, Cullen MR,] On the whole, the consequences of this synthesis propose that the types of strategies used by CDHPs must carry on to be considered as an advance to containment of health care cost. [Buntin MB, Damberg C,] Research shows that major cost savings connected with these plans, suggestive of that financial incentives besieged at consumers can be efficient in lowering health care expenditures. Alongside this confirmation of cost savings there is relatively modest evidence of reductions in quality of care. While the effects of these plans on utilization and outcomes must be continued to monitored, predominantly given the changes in the types of plans offered in the market, the initial results shows prospective. Consumer Driven Healthcare Plans tender several diverse incentives such as: Tenders superior choice. Members appear to be stirring away from managed care restrictions as enrollment of HMO keep on to reducing while PPO enrollment style plans is increasing. Incentives for employees turn out to be more involved in making economic decisions in relation to the use of healthcare resulting in additional educated purchasers demanding lesser cost and superior quality service from their providers. Addresses cost and admission problems in the existing healthcare system. As the health care cost carry on to skyrocket, it is significant for employers to deem options like consumer-directed health plans (CDHP)—health plans with a confirmed trail record of sustaining wellness, even as controlling costs. These plans afford an appropriate, cost-effective resolution for companies. Employers can prefer to initiate CDHP plans as a complete substitution to the accessible health benefits program, or can tender CDHP options together with additional managed care options, for instance a PPO. Incentives can be intended to persuade members to partake and better administer their health.[ Goodman, J. C.] Employees in CDHPs from a health perspective, expend more on preventive care and emergency room visits are reduced as a result. Female patients access additional women’s health screenings, and diabetes patients also carry out monitoring at higher rates in addition. It as well has educated patients who make use of essential prescriptions to cure chronic conditions, similar to their equivalent in PPO plans. Considerably, there is greater choice of generic drugs, escalating on the whole health care savings.[ John W. Rowe, Tina Brown-Stevenson, Roberta L. Downey, and Joseph P. Newhouse] The outcomes of CDHPs on rates of coverage of insurance are unidentified. Even despite the fact that the prospective for these products to produce risk segmentation crosswise diverse types of coverage hoist concern over the affordability and admission to coverage amongst high risks, the accessibility of lower-premium items which lesser premiums by lessening spending on low-value services may perhaps eventually add to rates of insurance coverage in the midst of both high- and low- risk consumers. While the facts point out that CDHPs be inclined to experience constructive selection when they are proposed by huge employers along with other types of plans, there is no proof that constructive choice in this circumstance has inclined on the whole rates of coverage of insurance. In the case of the small and individual group markets, there is modest to no proof on the level to which CDHPs experience constructive risk selection and the inference for coverage rates. The impact of these plans In addition, on vulnerable populations, predominantly amongst people with low down levels of income and proper education, is yet uncertain. An enhanced discerning of these effects is significant as market penetration of these products enhancement and they are gradually more offered by employers on a complete basis of replacement.[ Goodman, J. C.] CDHPs In the employer-sponsored market, may perhaps be offered either unaccompanied or next to other plans, and choice may perhaps take place at the stage of the employer choosing to render the plan or at the stage of the employees choosing amongst plans. For huge firms, which in general tender CDHPs together with other plans, risk selection takes place principally in the group. Since regulation forbid employers from diverging employee contributions founded on health status of individual, employee contributions do not diverge by risk of individual. As a result, if a CDHP with a low down employee contribution and an elevated deductible is tendered along with a plan with lesser cost-sharing and an elevated employee contribution, it is to be expected to be additional striking to low risks for whom likely out-of-pocket expenditure will be lesser. When the company is self-insured, on the other hand, as almost all big firms are, the employer is at hazard for the expenditure of the whole gr oup. Consequently, the employer, who does not advantage monetarily from excessively enrolling low down risks into the CDHP, has modest inducement to tender CDHPs to support such risk segmentation. Even as an added concern is that this kind of selection may perhaps intimidate the steadiness of a additional generous plan (20), an employer may perhaps keep away from this type of unpleasant selection â€Å"death spiral† in the course of the selection of the employee contribution policy. As a result, favorable selection into CDHPs inside firms in the huge group market is not likely to be challenging. In contrast, in the small group market, employers classically tender simply one plan and habitually acquire fully insured products. Risk selection In this case, occurs principally in the structure of the employer prefering which plan to tender employees and probable amongst employees choosing whether to register in the coverage of insurance tendered by the employer. Insurers have inducement to price products founded on the group risk, and if they are not capable to make use of risk-based pricing, they may perhaps intend coverage consecutively to accomplish risk segmentation. This would in due course for low-risk groups lower the premiums and raise them for groups of high-risk. The net result on rates of coverage would rely on how each one group act in response to the consequent alterations in premiums. Risk selection connected with CDHPs is a larger concern in the individual markets and small group in abstract, since insurers have incentives to employ in risk selection in the course of benefit design in these surroundings when risk of enrollee is complicated or expensive for them to monitor. Enrollment of CDHP in these settings, nevertheless, does not essentially indicate problematical risk-based selection. Enrollment of CDHP may perhaps replicate inclination for lower-premium, a lesser amount of liberal plans in this setting. [Goodman, J. C.] Conclusion CDHPs proponents emphasize the prospective for these plans to endorse superior implication in spending of health care and to lodge various consumer preferences (19, 3, 27). In contrast Critics, hoist the concern that, even as consumers may act in response to high deductibles by means of less medical care, they may perhaps not distinguish efficiently between less and more valuable care when constructing those reductions, eventually reducing eminence of care, and that superior cost-sharing places a too much financial load on low-income and/or not as much of healthy enrollees. However, in their current form, CDHPs are expected to represent merely part of a solution to deal with high and rising health care costs. The evidence indicates that CDHPs construct savings primarily among medium and low- -risk enrollees. They have modest outcome on spending for the diminutive proportion of the population who constructs the mass of health care spending. As a result, an all-inclusive approach to tackling high health care spending would need substitute solutions targeted in the direction of high-risk populations. References â€Å"Who Chooses a Consumer-Directed Health Plan?† Barry CL, Cullen MR, et al. Health Affairs, vol. 27, no. 6, 2008 â€Å"Consumer-Directed Health Care: Early Evidence About Effects on Cost and Quality.† Buntin MB, Damberg C, et al. Health Affairs, vol. 25, no. 6, 2006. Consumer Directed Health Care. Goodman, J. C. (December 2006). Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc, The Effect of Consumer-Directed Health Plans on the Use of Preventive and Chronic Illness Services,John W. Rowe, Tina Brown-Stevenson, Roberta L. Downey, and Joseph P. Newhouse, Health Affairs, Volume 27, Number 1, January/February 2008

Colombia Vs. Morality :: essays research papers

Colombia is a country wrought with poverty, corruption, and violence. It has gained leader for its drug trafficking and scandalous dealing by the military. Five percent of Colombia, which is 1.9million people, 1.1 million that are children, has been disabled due to the fighting in a four decade old civil war. Colombia has endured vicious conflicts throughout its country in the past 36 years. It is considered to be one of the most violent places in the world, with a murder rate 8 times as much as the United States of America. Colombia is considered an undeveloped country in other words it is a poverty stricken place. Because Colombia is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions it is hard for the poverty stricken areas of Colombia to stay in one place. The corruption comes from the exporting to America. While most things exported to the united states from Colombia are oil, coffee, and fresh cut flowers. Illegally al the real money comes from drug trafficking off copious amounts of cocaine and heroin. In my opinion violence is the most shocking to me. Why should one feel the need to comply with treating a person with simple respect, with giving second thoughts to clubbing them in the head or shooting them point blank? And why do they feel the need to commit unnecessary violence? These human rights standards should be natural for people, not something they have to think twice about to obey it. It is a fact that Colombians are beaten, raped and shot to death by there own military everyday. In the past couple years; the human rights cases against violence amongst civilians have been dropped. Making this actually legal. It shocks me to hear of the violence that engulfs Colombia. With such crimes of miracle fishing (slang for kidnapping), 200 bombs in less then 15 years, everyday assaults, robberies, spiking with scorpions and a murder rate of 77.5 per 100,000 people. The fact that hundreds of police officers, judges, investigators, presidential candies and of course thousands of Colom bian citizens murdered with the attitude of â€Å"So it goes† shows that their nation has been badly damaged, psychologically as well as physically.

Comparative Net Sales of Flower Shops Business

Objectives 1. Determine the business profile variables 2. Identify the services and kind of flowers being offered and the months when the sale is highest and lowest 3. Compare and analyse the sales of flowers during the seasons when it is in demand and not 4. Identify the problems being encountered and factors affecting the sales 5. Prepare plan of action Questionnaire I. Profile Variables Name of Business: ___________________ Type of Business: _______sole proprietorship _______corporation _______partnership _______others Area of Business:_______along the public market ______other commercial area _______residential area _______others Number of workers:_______ 1 _______2 _______3 _______4 _______5 and above Years in Operation_______1-5 years _______6-10 years _______11-15 years _______16-20 years _______ above 20 years II. Product/ Goods Supplier_______within the province _______outside the province _______outside the country _______outside the province and outside the country _______ within and outside the province _______within the province and outside the country Flowers being Sold: (displayed at the time of survey) _______ Rose ________ Malaysian Mums ________ Angels’ Breath ________ Anthurium ________ Birds of Paradise ________ Tulips ________ Star Gazer Peak Seasons for flowers: __________________________________ Estimated Sales:_______below 10000 _______10000-29999 _______30000-49999 _______50000-69999 _______70000-89999 _______90000 and above Dormant Seasons for flowers: _______________________________ Estimated Sales per day:_______0 – 499 _______500 – 999 _______1000 – 1499 _______1500 – 1999 _______2000 and above Problems Encountered: Dormant SeasonsPeak SeasonsNeverSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesAlways Dried flowers Pests Few customers Delayed deliveries of ordered flowers Unpaid balances of customers Too many competitors Burdensome taxes Lack of necessary equipment Lack of stocked flowers Natural calamities Strongly D isagreeDisagreeAgreeStrongly Agree It is better to sold flowers on Peak Seasons only Customers are seem satisfied in your services and flowers Total sales each day depends on the business’ luck Flowers are important part of an occasion Flowershop business is an in-demand business anytime Descriptive Survey PROFILE VARIABLESNumber ofYears of Name of BusinessType of BusinessArea of BusinessworkersExistenceSupplier's Place 1Amang's FlowershopSole Proprietorshippublic market125outside the province 2Leony's FlowershopSole Proprietorshippublic market320outside the province 3Emily's FlowershopSole Proprietorshippublic market320outside the province 4Ley's FlowershopSole Proprietorshippublic market330outside the province 5Heaven's TouchSole Proprietorshippublic market18outside the province 6Petal and BloomSole Proprietorshipother commercial area21outside the province 7Maycee's FlowershopSoleProprietorshipother commercial area115outside the province 8Highland FlowershopSole Proprietors hipother commercial area417outside the province 9BloomerySole Proprietorshipother commercial area210outside the province 10Kelsey's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area220outside the province 11Kart's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area31outside the province 12Vic's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area22outside the province 13Flowers and GreensSole Proprietorshipother commercial area31outside the province and outside the country 14Flowers 911Sole Proprietorshipother commercial area21outside the province 15Flowershop by SylviaSole Proprietorshipother commercial area32outside the province 16Te AmoSole Proprietorshipother commercial area11outside the province 17Christhialyn's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area425outside the province 18SunshineSole Proprietorshipresidential area110outside the province 19Money Changer FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area25outside the province 20Carissa's FlowershopSole Proprietorshi pother commercial area24outside the province 21BobzenSole Proprietorshipother commercial area215outside the province 22Bobzen – branchSole Proprietorshipother commercial area11outside the province 23Zenaida's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area28outside the province 24Sally's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area217outside the province and outside the country 25Doni's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area115outside the province 26Yolly's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area110outside the province 27Dionisia's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area115outside the province 28Rita's FlowershopSole Proprietorshippublic market12outside the province 29JeunesseSole Proprietorshippublic market12outside the province 30Myra Grace's FlowershopSole Proprietorshipother commercial area23outside the province Flowers being sold 1rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 2rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 3r ose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 4rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 5rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 6rose, malaysianmums, birds of paradise, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 7rose, malaysianmums, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 8rose, malaysianmums, birds of paradise, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 9rose, malaysianmums, angel's breath 0rose, malaysianmums, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 11rose, malaysianmums, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 12rose, malaysianmums, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium 13rose, malaysianmums, birds of paradise, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium, tulips 14rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 15rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 16rose, malaysian mums, birds of paradise angel's breath, 17rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 18rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 19rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 20rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel' s breath 21rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath, star gazer 22rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 23rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 24rose, malaysianmums, birds of paradise, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium, tulips 25rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 26rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 27rose, malaysian mums, angel's breath 8rose, malaysianmums, birds of paradise, star gazer, angel's breath, anthurium, tulips 29rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath 30rose, malaysian mums, anthurium, angel's breath Peak Seasons for flowersEstimated SalesDormant Seasons/ MonthsEstimated Sales Valentines Day, All Souls Day10000July, August1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day50000June, July1500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day50000June, August2000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000June, July3000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August1500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000August, September1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100 000June, July5000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August1000Valentines Day, All Souls Day40000August, September1500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day35000August, September500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100000July, August3000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day40000July, August1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day30000July, August1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100000August, September2000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day40000August, September500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day50000July, August2000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day40000August, September1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100000August, September1500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100000July, August2000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day100000August, September1000Valentines Day, All Souls Day80000June, July1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day70000June, July500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day70000August, September500 Valentines Day, All Souls D ay30000July, August500 Valentines Day, All Souls Day60000July, August1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day50000August, September1000 Valentines Day, All Souls Day40000August, September1000 Problems Encountered During Dormant Seasons P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10 AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimesAlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeve rSometimes AlwaysNeverAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimes SometimesNeverAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysNeverAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysNeverAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes AlwaysAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes SometimesSo metimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes AlwaysNeverAlwaysNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes AlwaysSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesProblems Encountered During Peak Seasons P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10 NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSom etimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesS metimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes SometimesNeverNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimes NeverNeverNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverNeverNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSom etimes NeverNeverNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesAlwaysNeverSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverNeverSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesNeverSometimes SometimesSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimesSometimes NeverNeverNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes NeverSometimesNeverSometimesSometimesAlwaysAlwaysAlwaysSometimesSometimes S1S2S3S4S5 DisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeAgreeDisagree DisagreeAgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeAgreeAgreeAgreeDisagree DisagreeAgreeAgreeStrongly Ag reeAgree DisagreeAgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeAgree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeAgree AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeDisagree AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeAgree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeAgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeAgree DisagreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeAgree AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeDisagreeAgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly Agree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree DisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly Agree DisagreeStrongly AgreeAgreeStrongly AgreeAgree AgreeStrongly AgreeDisa greeAgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeAgreeAgree AgreeStrongly AgreeAgreeAgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeDisagree AgreeStrongly AgreeDisagreeStrongly AgreeDisagree PROFILE VARIABLES Respondents Type of BusinessArea of BusinessNumber of WorkersYears of ExistenceSupplier's Place 111152 211342 311342 411352 511122 612212 712132 812442 912222 1012242 1112312 1212212 312314 1412212 1512312 1612112 1712452 1813122 1912212 2012212 2112232 2212112 2312222 2412244 2512132 2612122 2712132 2811112 2911112 3012212 1. 001. 801. 972. 332. 13 Numeric Survey Flowers being SoldEstimated Sales rosesmalaysian mumsangel's breath anthuriumbirds of paradise tulipsstar gazerTotal No. of Flowers Being OfferedPeak SeasonsDormant Seasons 111111523 21111444 311111545 41111435 51111434 6111111632 71111433 8111111665 9111333 1011111533 1111111534 1211111532 131111111765 141111432 151111433 161111433 171111465 18111332 19111335 20 1111433 211111464 22111365 23111363 241111111753 251111452 26111352 27111332 281111111743 29111343 30111333 03030187311129 3. 903. 37 Dormant P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10Composite Mean 132322233122. 33 232322233122. 33 332322232122. 22 432322232122. 22 532322332222. 44 632322333122. 44 732322333122. 44 832312332222. 33 932322332122. 33 1032322232122. 22 1131312232222. 11 1232322231222. 22 1321312331121. 89 1432312332222. 33 1522312232122. 00 1632322233222. 44 1722322331222. 22 1832322332222. 44 1931312332222. 22 2031322232222. 22 2132312233222. 33 2232312233222. 33 2333312232122. 22 2422322332222. 33 2532322233222. 44 2622312232122. 00 2732312332122. 22 2831312333222. 33 2922322333222. 44 3032322333122. 44 Mean2. 801. 873. 001. 602. 002. 503. 002. 271. 532. 002. 29Problems (Peak) Statements P1P2 P3P4 P5 P6P7 P8P9 P10Composite MeanS1S2S3S4S5Composite Mean 12122333222. 10243322. 80 22122333222. 20234423. 00 12122332222. 00233322. 60 22122332122. 00233433. 00 22122332222. 10233433. 00 1212233 3122. 00343423. 20 12122333222. 10243423. 00 12122332222. 00244423. 20 12122332121. 90244433. 40 22122232222. 00344423. 40 21112332221. 90244423. 20 12122331221. 90243423. 00 11112331221. 70342423. 00 12122332222. 00332433. 00 12112332221. 90343423. 20 12122233222. 00243423. 00 12122331221. 90343323. 00 12122332222. 00344333. 40 11112332221. 80232432. 80 11122332221. 90332422. 80 12112233221. 90343443. 60 22112333222. 10343423. 20 23122232222. 0243443. 40 12122332222. 00243433. 20 12122233222. 00342322. 80 22112332121. 90343333. 20 22122332222. 10343323. 00 11122333222. 00344423. 40 12122333222. 10342423. 00 12122333222. 10342423. 00 1. 301. 871. 001. 772. 002. 833. 002. 271. 872. 00 1. 992. 533. 773. 003. 772. 403. 09 Graphical Presentation G-1 Area of Business G-2 Number of Workers G-3 Years of Existence G-4 Estimated Sales During Peak Season G-5 Estimated Sales per Day during Dormant Season G-6 Central Tendencyof Problems Encountered During Dormant Season G-7 Central Tendency of Problems During Peak Season G-8 Statements Tabular Presentation Profile Variables Frequencies StatisticsType Of BusinessArea Of BusinessNumber Of WorkersYears Of ExistenceSupplier’s Place NValid3030303030 Missing00000 Range02342 Minimum11112 Maximum13454 Sum3054597064 Frequency Table Type Of Business FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSole Proprietorship30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Area Of Business FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidPublic Market723. 323. 323. 3 Other Commercial Area2273. 373. 396. 7 Residential Area13. 33. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Number Of Workers FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid11136. 736. 736. 7 21136. 736. 773. 3 3620. 020. 093. 3 426. 76. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Years Of Existence FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValid1-5 years1343. 343. 343. 3 6-10 years516. 716. 760. 0 11-15 years413. 313. 373. 3 16-20 years516. 716. 790. 0 Above 20 years310. 010. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Supplie rs’ Place FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid22893. 393. 393. 3 426. 76. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Means Case Processing Summary Cases IncludedExcludedTotal NPercentNPercentNPercent Type Of Business * PVCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Area Of Business * PVCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Number Of Workers * PVCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Years Of Existence * PVCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Suppliers’ Place * PVCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% ReportPVCompMeanType Of BusinessArea Of BusinessNumber Of WorkersYears Of ExistenceSuppliers’ Place 1. 20Mean1. 001. 001. 001. 002. 00 N22222 Std. Deviation. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000 1. 40Mean1. 001. 671. 001. 332. 00 N33333 Std. Deviation. 000. 577. 000. 577. 000 1. 60Mean1. 002. 001. 861. 142. 00 N77777 Std. Deviation. 000. 000. 378. 378. 000 1. 80Mean1. 002. 131. 752. 132. 00 N88888 Std. Deviation. 000. 354. 886. 835. 000 2. 00Mean1. 001. 501. 504. 002. 00 N22222 Std. Deviation. 000. 707. 7071. 414. 000 2. 20Mean1. 001. 502. 753. 252. 50 N44444 Std. Deviation. 000. 577. 5001. 5001. 000 2. 40Mean1. 001. 003. 005. 002. 00 N11111 Std. Deviation†¦.. 2. 0Mean1. 002. 003. 004. 003. 00 N22222 Std. Deviation. 000. 0001. 414. 0001. 414 2. 80Mean1. 002. 004. 005. 002. 00 N11111 Std. Deviation†¦.. TotalMean1. 001. 801. 972. 332. 13 N3030303030 Std. Deviation. 000. 484. 9281. 446. 507 ANOVA Tablea Sum of SquaresDf Area Of Business * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 7588 Within Groups3. 04221 Total6. 80029 Number Of Workers * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)15. 3608 Within Groups9. 60721 Total24. 96729 Years Of Existence * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)45. 5188 Within Groups15. 14921 Total60. 66729 SuppliersPlace * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 4678 Within Groups5. 00021 Total7. 46729 a.No variance within groups – statistics for TypeOfBusiness * PVCompMean cannot be computed. ANOVA Tablea Mean SquareFSig. AreaOfBusiness * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined) . 4703. 243. 015 Within Groups. 145 NumberOfWorkers * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 9204. 197. 004 Within Groups. 457 YearsOfExistence * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)5. 6907. 887. 000 Within Groups. 721 SuppliersPlace * PVCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 3081. 295. 299 Within Groups. 238 a. No variance within groups – statistics for TypeOfBusiness * PVCompMean cannot be computed. Measures of Association EtaEta Squared AreaOfBusiness * PVCompMean. 743. 553 NumberOfWorkers * PVCompMean. 784. 615YearsOfExistence * PVCompMean. 866. 750 SuppliersPlace * PVCompMean. 575. 330 Flowers Being Sold Frequencies Statistics RosesMalaysian MumsAngel’s BreathAnthuriumBirds Of Paradise Tulips Star Gazer NValid30303030303030 Missing0000000 Range0001111 Sum303030187311 Frequency Tables Roses FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAvailable30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Malaysian Mums FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAvailable30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Birds Of Paradise FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNot Available2376. 776. 776. 7 Available723. 323. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Angel’s Breath FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidAvailable30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Tulips FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNot Available2790. 090. 090. 0 Available310. 010. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Star Gazer FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNot Available1963. 363. 363. 3 Available1136. 736. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Descriptive Statistics NSumStd. Deviation Roses3030. 000 Malaysian Mums3030. 000 Angel’s Breath3030. 000 Anthurium3018. 498 Birds Of Paradise307. 430 Tulips303. 305 Star Gazer3011. 490 Valid N (listwise)30 Anthurium FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNot Available1240. 040. 040. 0 Available1860. 060. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0Estimated Sales during Peak and Dormant Season Frequencies Statistics Estimated Sales Peak SeasonEstimated Sales D ormant Season NValid3030 Missing00 Mean3. 903. 37 Median3. 003. 00 Std. Deviation1. 2691. 098 Range43 Minimum22 Maximum65 Frequency Table Estimated Sales Peak FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid10000 – 2999913. 33. 33. 3 30000 – 499991653. 353. 356. 7 50000 – 69999413. 313. 370. 0 70000 – 89999310. 010. 080. 0 90000 and above620. 020. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Estimated Sales Dormant FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid500 -999723. 323. 323. 3 1000 – 14991240. 040. 063. 3 1500 – 1999413. 313. 376. 7 000 and above723. 323. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Descriptive Statistics NRangeMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation EstimatedSalesPeak304263. 901. 269 EstimatedSalesDormant303253. 371. 098 Valid N (listwise)30 Problems Encountered During Dormant Seasons Frequencies Statistics DP1DP2DP3DP4DP5DP6DP7DP8DP9DP10 NValid30303030303030303030 Missing0000000000 Mean2. 801. 873. 001. 602. 002. 503. 002. 271. 532. 00 Median3 . 002. 003. 002. 002. 002. 503. 002. 002. 002. 00 Mode323222a3222 Std. Deviation. 407. 434. 000. 498. 000. 509. 000. 640. 507. 000 Range1201010210 Minimum2131223112 Maximum3332233322 a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown Frequency TableDried Flowers (DP1) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSometimes620. 020. 020. 0 Always2480. 080. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Pests (DP2) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever516. 716. 716. 7 Sometimes2480. 080. 096. 7 Always13. 33. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Few Customers (DP3) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAlways30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Delayed Deliveries of Ordered Flowers (DP4) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever1240. 040. 040. 0 Sometimes1860. 060. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Unpaid Balances of Customers (DP5) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidSometimes30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Too many competitors (DP6) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumul ative Percent ValidSometimes1550. 050. 050. 0 Always1550. 050. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Burdensome taxes (DP7) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAlways30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Lack of necessary equipment (DP8) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever310. 010. 010. 0 Sometimes1653. 353. 363. 3 Always1136. 736. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Lack of stocked flowers (DP9) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever1446. 746. 746. 7 Sometimes1653. 353. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Natural Calamities (DP10)FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSometimes30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Descriptive Statistics NRangeMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation DP1301232. 80. 407 DP2302131. 87. 434 DP3300333. 00. 000 DP4301121. 60. 498 DP5300222. 00. 000 DP6301232. 50. 509 DP7300333. 00. 000 DP8302132. 27. 640 DP9301121. 53. 507 DP10300222. 00. 000 Valid N (listwise)30 Means Case Processing Summary Cases IncludedExcludedTotal NPercentNPercentNPercent DP1 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP2 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP3 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP4 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP5 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP6 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0%DP7 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP8 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP9 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% DP10 * DPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Report DPCompMeanDP1DP2DP3DP4DP5DP6DP7DP8DP9DP10 1. 89Mean2. 001. 003. 001. 002. 003. 003. 001. 001. 002. 00 N1111111111 Std. Deviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 00Mean2. 002. 003. 001. 002. 002. 003. 002. 001. 002. 00 N2222222222 Std. Deviation. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 000 2. 11Mean3. 001. 003. 001. 002. 002. 003. 002. 002. 002. 00 N1111111111 Std. Deviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 22Mean2. 891. 893. 001. 672. 002. 333. 001. 781. 442. 00 N9999999999 Std. Deviation. 333. 601. 000. 500. 000. 00. 000. 441. 527. 000 2. 33Mean2. 891. 893. 001. 442. 002. 563. 002. 561. 672. 00 N9999999999 Std. Deviation. 333. 333. 000. 527. 000. 527. 000. 527. 500. 000 2. 44Mean2. 882. 003. 002. 002. 002. 753. 002. 751. 632. 00 N8888888888 Std. Deviation. 354. 000. 000. 000. 000. 463. 000. 463. 518. 000 TotalMean2. 801. 873. 001. 602. 002. 503. 002. 271. 532. 00 N30303030303030303030 Std. Deviation. 407. 434. 000. 498. 000. 509. 000. 640. 507. 000 ANOVA Tablea,b,c,d Sum of SquaresdfMean Square DP1 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 1475. 429 Within Groups2. 65324. 111 Total4. 80029 DP2 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 6895. 338 Within Groups3. 7824. 157 Total5. 46729 DP4 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 9785. 596 Within Groups4. 22224. 176 Total7. 20029 DP6 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 7785. 356 Within Groups5. 72224. 238 Total7. 50029 DP8 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)6. 58951. 318 Within Groups5. 27824. 220 Total11. 86729 DP9 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 3695. 274 Within Groups6. 09724. 254 Total7. 46729 a. No variance within gr oups – statistics for DP3 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. b. No variance within groups – statistics for DP5 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. c. No variance within groups – statistics for DP7 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. d.No variance within groups – statistics for DP10 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. ANOVA Tablea,b,c,d FSig. DP1 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 885. 010 DP2 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 146. 094 DP4 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 385. 019 DP6 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 491. 230 DP8 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)5. 992. 001 DP9 * DPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 078. 397 a. No variance within groups – statistics for DP3 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. b. No variance within groups – statistics for DP5 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. c. No variance within groups – statistics for DP7 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. d.No variance within groups – statistics for DP 10 * DPCompMean cannot be computed. Measures of Association EtaEta Squared DP1 * DPCompMean. 669. 447 DP2 * DPCompMean. 556. 309 DP4 * DPCompMean. 643. 414 DP6 * DPCompMean. 487. 237 DP8 * DPCompMean. 745. 555 DP9 * DPCompMean. 428. 183 Problems Encountered During Peak Seasons Frequencies Statistics PP1PP2PP3PP4PP5PP6PP7PP8PP9PP10 NValid30303030303030303030 Missing0000000000 Mean1. 301. 871. 001. 772. 002. 833. 002. 271. 872. 00 Median1. 002. 001. 002. 002. 003. 003. 002. 002. 002. 00 Mode1212233222 Std. Deviation. 466. 434. 000. 430. 000. 379. 000. 640. 346. 000 Range1201010210 Minimum1111223112 Maximum2312233322 Frequency Table Dried Flowers (PP1)FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever2170. 070. 070. 0 Sometimes930. 030. 0100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Pests (PP2) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever516. 716. 716. 7 Sometimes2480. 080. 096. 7 Always13. 33. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Few Customers (PP3) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative P ercent ValidNever30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Delayed deliveries of ordered flowers (PP4) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever723. 323. 323. 3 Sometimes2376. 776. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Unpaid balances of customers (PP5) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSometimes30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Too many competitors (PP6)FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSometimes516. 716. 716. 7 Always2583. 383. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Burdensome taxes (PP7) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidA;ways30100. 0100. 0100. 0 Lack of necessary equipment (PP8) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever310. 010. 010. 0 Sometimes1653. 353. 363. 3 Always1136. 736. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Lack of stocked flowers (PP9) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidNever413. 313. 313. 3 Sometimes2686. 786. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Natural Calamities (PP10) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidSometime s30100. 0100. 0100. 0Case Processing Summary Cases IncludedExcludedTotal NPercentNPercentNPercent PP1 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP2 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP3 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP4 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP5 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP6 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP7 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP8 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP9 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% PP10 * PPCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Report PPCompMeanPP1PP2PP3PP4PP5PP6PP7PP8PP9PP10 1. 70Mean1. 001. 001. 001. 002. 003. 003. 001. 002. 002. 00 N1111111111 Std. Deviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 80Mean1. 001. 001. 01. 002. 003. 003. 002. 002. 002. 00 N1111111111 Std. Deviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 90Mean1. 251. 751. 001. 502. 002. 883. 001. 881. 752. 00 N8888888888 Std. Deviation. 463. 463. 000. 535. 000. 354. 000. 641. 463. 000 2. 00Mean1. 181. 911. 002. 002. 002. 733. 002. 361. 822. 00 N11111111111111111111 Std. Deviatio n. 405. 302. 000. 000. 000. 467. 000. 505. 405. 000 2. 10Mean1. 502. 131. 001. 882. 002. 873. 002. 632. 002. 00 N8888888888 Std. Deviation. 535. 354. 000. 354. 000. 354. 000. 518. 000. 000 2. 20Mean2. 002. 001. 002. 002. 003. 003. 003. 002. 002. 00 N1111111111 Std. Deviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TotalMean1. 301. 871. 001. 772. 002. 833. 002. 271. 872. 00N30303030303030303030 Std. Deviation. 466. 434. 000. 430. 000. 379. 000. 640. 346. 000 ANOVA Tablea,b,c,d Sum of SquaresdfMean Square PP1 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 1645. 233 Within Groups5. 13624. 214 Total6. 30029 PP2 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 1835. 437 Within Groups3. 28424. 137 Total5. 46729 PP4 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 4925. 498 Within Groups2. 87524. 120 Total5. 36729 PP6 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 2355. 047 Within Groups3. 93224. 164 Total4. 16729 PP8 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)4. 5715. 914 Within Groups7. 29524. 304 Total11. 86729 PP9 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combi ned). 3305. 066Within Groups3. 13624. 131 Total3. 46729 a. No variance within groups – statistics for PP3 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. b. No variance within groups – statistics for PP5 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. c. No variance within groups – statistics for PP7 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. d. No variance within groups – statistics for PP10 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. ANOVA Tablea,b,c,d FSig. PP1 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 087. 393 PP2 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 190. 024 PP4 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)4. 160. 007 PP6 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 287. 916 PP8 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 008. 30 PP9 * PPCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 506. 769 a. No variance within groups – statistics for PP3 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. b. No variance within groups – statistics for PP5 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. c. No variance within groups – statistics for PP7 * PPCompM ean cannot be computed. d. No variance within groups – statistics for PP10 * PPCompMean cannot be computed. Measures of Association EtaEta Squared PP1 * PPCompMean. 430. 185 PP2 * PPCompMean. 632. 399 PP4 * PPCompMean. 681. 464 PP6 * PPCompMean. 237. 056 PP8 * PPCompMean. 621. 385 PP9 * PPCompMean. 309. 095 Statements Frequencies Statistics S1S2S3S4S5 NValid3030303030Missing00000 Mean2. 533. 773. 003. 772. 40 Median3. 004. 003. 004. 002. 00 Mode34342 Std. Deviation. 507. 430. 695. 430. 621 Range11212 Minimum23232 Maximum34444 Frequency Table It is better to sold flowers on peak seasons only (S1) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAgree1446. 746. 746. 7 Strongly Agree1653. 353. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Customers are seem satisfied in your services and flowers (S2) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAgree723. 323. 323. 3 Strongly Agree2376. 776. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Total sales of flowers depends on business’ luck (S3) Freque ncyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidDisagree723. 323. 323. 3 Agree1653. 353. 376. 7 Strongly Disagree723. 323. 3100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Flowers are important part of an occasion (S4) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidAgree723. 323. 323. 3 Strongly Agree2376. 776. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Flower shop business is an in demand business anytime (S5) FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent ValidDisagree2066. 766. 766. 7 Agree826. 726. 793. 3 Strongly Agree26. 76. 7100. 0 Total30100. 0100. 0 Means Case Processing Summary Cases IncludedExcludedTotal NPercentNPercentNPercent S1 * SSCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% S2 * SSCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0%S3 * SSCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% S4 * SSCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% S5 * SSCompMean30100. 0%0. 0%30100. 0% Report SSCompMeanS1S2S3S4S5 2. 60Mean2. 003. 003. 003. 002. 00 N11111 Std. Deviation†¦.. 2. 80Mean2. 503. 502. 253. 502. 25 N44444 Std. Deviation. 577. 577. 500. 577. 500 3. 00Mean2 . 503. 672. 753. 832. 25 N1212121212 Std. Deviation. 522. 492. 622. 389. 452 3. 20Mean2. 574. 003. 293. 862. 29 N77777 Std. Deviation. 535. 000. 488. 378. 488 3. 40Mean2. 604. 003. 803. 802. 80 N55555 Std. Deviation. 548. 000. 447. 447. 837 3. 60Mean3. 004. 003. 004. 004. 00 N11111 Std. Deviation†¦.. TotalMean2. 533. 773. 003. 772. 40 N3030303030 Std.Deviation. 507. 430. 695. 430. 621 ANOVA Table Sum of SquaresDfMean Square S1 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 5525. 110 Within Groups6. 91424. 288 Total7. 46729 S2 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 7005. 340 Within Groups3. 66724. 153 Total5. 36729 S3 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)6. 77151. 354 Within Groups7. 22924. 301 Total14. 00029 S4 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 0435. 209 Within Groups4. 32424. 180 Total5. 36729 S5 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)3. 9715. 794 Within Groups7. 22924. 301 Total11. 20029 ANOVA Table FSig. S1 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined). 383. 855 S2 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups (Combined)2. 25. 085 S3 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)4. 496. 005 S4 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)1. 158. 358 S5 * SSCompMeanBetween Groups(Combined)2. 637. 049 Measures of Association EtaEta Squared S1 * SSCompMean. 272. 074 S2 * SSCompMean. 563. 317 S3 * SSCompMean. 695. 484 S4 * SSCompMean. 441. 194 S5 * SSCompMean. 595. 355 Results and Discussion Table1. Frequency Distribution of Respondents’ Profile Variables Profile VariablesFrequencyPercentageRank Type of BusinessSole Propreitorship301001 Corporation003 Patrtnership003 Others003 Total30100 Area of BusinessAlong the public market723. 32 Other Commercial Area2273. 31 Residential Area13. 33Others004 Total30100 Number of Workers11136. 71. 5 21136. 71. 5 3620. 02 426. 73 Total30100 Years of Existence1-5 years1343. 31 6-10 years516. 72. 5 11-15 years413. 34 16-20 years516. 72. 5 Above 20 years310. 05 Total30100 The purpose of the study is to determine the profile variables of flower shops and compare the net sal es during the seasons with low and high demand for flowers. The researcher conducted a survey in selected areas in Lipa City and Batangas City where flower shops are situated. All florist that the researcher have questioned, indicated that their business is only owned by one. All have a Sole Proprietorship type of business.After further asking, the researcher found out that it is better to have that type of business to lessen the liability to government, like taxes. As to the area of business, mostly our situated not along the public market but to other commercial area where people can see them easily. In Lipa City, only few shops are in the public market, but many are located in Mataas na Lupa near Robinsons. In Batangas City, most flower shops are seen on Plaza Mabini near Saint Bridget’s College. The result of the survey indicates that 7 out of 30 flower shops are located in public market, 22 are on other commercial area and only 1 was seen on a residential area. Shops are near each other therefore resulting to a tight competitive environment.The survey shows that most shops have only 1 or 2 workers/florist on it. 11 shops have 1 worker only as well as 2 workers. 6 shops have 3 workers and 4 shops have 4 workers. Meaning, 36. 7% prefer lower number of workers. This shows that owners are decreasing the numbers of workers to decrease the expense monthly. Few shops exist in a long time like above 20 years. 43. 3 % of surveyed shops are existing in 1-5 years already. They weren’t be existing in that long time if the business is always incurring loses, therefore despite the dormant and peak seasons, they still have a return on their capital . Table2. Frequency Distribution of Available FlowersFlowersFrequencyPercentageRank Roses30100%2 Malaysian Mums30100%2 Angel's Breath30100%2 Anthurium1823. 30%4 Birds of Paradise760%6 Tulips310%7 Star Gazer1136. 70%5 Most flower shops do not store many flowers. They only order what the customer demanded to them. The survey only indicated those flowers readily available in the flower shops at the time the researcher conducted the interview. All shops have the Malaysian Mums available. These are the flowers that are cheap but still possess beauty if arrange in a nice manner. These are mostly use for funeral purposes which are mostly demanded in a normal day. Roses and Angel’s breath are also available on all shops.Only 7 shops have available birds of paradise, 18 shops have anthurium, 11 shops have Star gazer, and only 3 shops have Tulips in them. These flowers are not only the flowers being sold. They are only the flowers being offered on a typical flower shops that the researcher have interviewed. Clearly stated in the graph G-4 and G-5 that the business is highly profitable during peak seasons like Valentine’s Day, All Souls Day, Mothers’ Day and any month when there is a public occasion. Most flower shops are having a profit of 30000 – 49999 pesos in a day dur ing those occasions. Unlike during a normal day 1000 – 1999 pesos only is the amount of their sales.After further questioning, the researcher found out that there are days that a shop has no sales at all during the few-demand-of-flowers seasons. Few demand seasons include months of June, July, August and September. Exuberant flower arrangements enliven all the meaningful celebration in our annual calendar. Therefore in those seasons flowers are greatly in demand resulting to very high sales on all flower shop business. There are shops which have sales up to 100000 pesos, the reason why more and more people are attracted to engage on this kind of business. Table3. Computed Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Problems Experienced ProblemsDormantPeakMeanVerbal InterpretationRankMeanVerbal InterpretationRank Dried flowers2. 80Always31. 30Never9 Pests1. 87Sometimes91. 87Sometimes6. 5 Few customers3. 00Always1. 51. 00Never10 Delayed Deliveries of ordered flowers1. 60Sometimes101. 77S ometimes8 Unpaid balances of customers2. 00Sometimes7. 52. 00Sometimes4. 5 Too many competitors2. 50Always52. 83Always2 Burdensome taxes3. 00Always1. 53. 00Always1 Lack of necessary equipment2. 27Sometimes62. 27Sometimes3 Lack of stocked flowers2. 53Always41. 87Sometimes6. 5 Natural Calamities2. 00Sometimes7. 52. 00Sometimes4. 5 Like any other business, Flower shops are often experiencing problems with regards to their operations.For the purpose of this research, the researcher decided to divide it to problems relating to peak seasons and dormant seasons. During dormant seasons, the mean for the problem of dried flowers is 2. 80. It means that they are always experiencing this problem during dormant season but during peak the mean is only 1. 3 meaning most or almost all flower shops do not encounter this kind of situation. The problem with Pest, having the same mean of 1. 87 during dormant and peak season is sometimes experience in whatever season it may be. Technologies are advanci ng therefore they have found a way to eliminate pests in their flowers. There are also days when the business have a few customers.This is true during dormant season having a mean of 3. 00. Dormant seasons are days when there is only little demand on a certain products, therefore on those days few people are going to flower shops to buy flowers. But at peak seasons, many consumers are craving for flowers resulting to a mean of 1, meaning the problem of â€Å"few customers† is never experience during peak season. . Taxes are part of a business. Therefore businessman and woman consider this as one of the major problems of an entrepreneur. Having a mean of 3. 00 in the survey for both seasons, it is therefore an all-year problem of these businesses as well as too many competitors.Delayed deliveries of ordered flowers, unpaid balances of customers, lack of necessary equipment and natural calamities are sometimes experience by the shops in whatever season it may be. Table4. Weight ed Mean Distribution on the Perception of the Owners as regards to Flower Shop Business StatementsMeanVerbal InterpretationRank It is better to sold flowers on Peak Seasons only2. 53Agree4 Customers are seem satisfied in your services and flowers3. 77Strongly Agree1. 5 Total sales each day depends on the business’ luck3. 00Agree3 Flowers are important part of an occasion3. 77Strongly Agree1. 5 Flower shop business is an in-demand business anytime2. 40Agree5 Most of the respondents agree on selling flowers only on seasons when it is in demand, 16 respondents strongly agree on this statement.Most of the shops are confident enough that their customers are satisfied in what they are offering. Belief in luck also affects the managerial skills of an entrepreneur. In the said survey, 16 respondents agree that the sales of a business depend on luck, but still 7 respondents disagree and 7 strongly disagree having a total of 14 disagreements. One must not only depend on luck for a busi ness to be successful. A manager must do something to increase the sales and make his business highly profitable having the capability to overcome different problems. With proper plan and strategies, business will bloom and will be returning one’s investment. Table5.Relationship between the Respondents’ Profile Variable and their Perception of as regards to Internet Cafe Business Profile VariableEtaEta SquaredP-ValueVerbal Interpretation Area Of Business 0. 7430. 5530. 015Not Significant Number Of Workers0. 7840. 6150. 004Not Significant Years Of Existence0. 8660. 750. 000Not Significant Suppliers’ Place 0. 5750. 330. 299Not Significant Table 3 displays the relationship between the respondents’ profile variable and their perception of as regards to Internet cafe business Review of Related Literature History The flower is the most perfect and fragile work of art given to us (Maia, 2008). It is a natural beauty and art. Flowers have been used for centuries as decoration, personal adornment, or for religious significance.Ancient Egyptians used flowers to honor their many gods and goddesses. Flowers were arranged in low bowls in an orderly, repetitious pattern-flower, bud, foliage, and so on. Special spouted vases were also used to hold flowers. Lotus flowers, also called water lilies, were Egyptian favorites. They came to symbolize sacredness and were associated with Isis, the Egyptian nature goddess. Flowers were sometimes used as decorations for the body, collar, and hair. Flowers were fashioned into elaborate wreaths and garlands by the ancient Greeks. The best wreath makers were often commissioned by wealthy Greeks to make wreaths for gifts, awards, or decoration.Chaplets, special wreaths for the head, were especially popular. Cornucopia, a horn-shaped container still used today, was filled with arrangements of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Flowers arranged into wreaths and garlands were also popular in ancient Rome and well thr ough to the Middle Ages. The Victorian era saw great developments in the art of floral design. There was enormous enthusiasm for flowers, plants, and gardens; the most cultured young ladies were often schooled in the art of flower arrangement. Rules were first established regarding function and design. Magazines and books about floral arrangement were also published during this time.Proper Victorian ladies often had fresh nosegays, or tussie-mussies, a hand-held arrangement of tightly knotted flowers, for sentimental reasons, if not to freshen the air. Posy holders, fancy carriers for these small floral arrangements, came into fashion. Some were made of ivory, glass, or mother-of-pearl, and were elaborately decorated with jewels or etchings. Flowers were also made into small arrangements and tucked into a lady's decol-letage inside aptly named containers, bosom bottles. Ikebana, the Japanese art of floral arrangement since the sixth century, has been a principal influence on formal flower arrangement design. Its popularity still continues today.In the 1950s, free-form expression developed, incorporating pieces of driftwood and figurines within arrangements of flowers and live plants. Floral traditions of the past still have an impact on us today. It is still fashionable to mark special occasions with flowers, be it an anniversary, wedding, or birthday. People continue to use flowers to commemorate the dead. Today's floral arrangements reflect current styles, trends, and tastes. The best floral designers will follow the developing fashions and creatively adapt them to their arrangements. Business Through generation people have found a way to make this a source of livelihood. One does not have to be an artist to enjoy flowers (Tozer, 2009). Flower arrangements are in demand on certain seasons.The usual sources for flowers include florists shops, supermarket, corner grocery stores, farmers’ markets, roadside stands, greenhouses, mail-order catalogues, and your own or friend’s garden. Wholesale florists sell bulk flowers and related supplies to professionals in the trade. Floristry can involve the cultivation of flowers as well as their arrangement, and to the business of selling them. Much of the raw material supplied for the floristry trade comes from the cut flower industry. Florist shops, along with online stores are the main flower-only outlets, but supermarkets, garden supply stores and filling stations also sell flowers. The floristry business has a significant market in the corporate and social event world, as flowers play a large part in the decor of special events and meetings.Centerpieces, entryways, reception tables, bridal bouquets, wedding chuppahs and stage sets are only a few examples of how flowers are used in the business and social event settings. Flower Shops are wide-spreading in the Philippines. They can be seen along the public market and other commercial areas. Flowers for sale on those shops mostly come s from Baguio City, Davao City, Tagaytay City, Cotabato City and Laguna having a climate suitable for cultivating flowers. The trading post for all these flowers is situated near Dangwa Bus Terminal. The place is called Dimasalang Wholesale Flower Market which is most commonly called as Dangwa Wholesale Market (Asuncion, 2008). Large importers of flowers have set-up shop here as this has simply become the recognized epicenter of flowers in Metro Manila.